Opportunities and Challenges of Integrated Large-Scale PFAS Modeling: A Case Study for PFAS Modeling at a Watershed Scale
Publication: Journal of Environmental Engineering
Volume 148, Issue 9
Abstract
The number of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and their sources, fates, and avenues of transport is vast. With every new discovery, a new question arises regarding the impact they are having on the environment. Therefore, this study aims to assess the capabilities and shortcomings of widely used models to study large-scale PFAS fate and transport. A surface water model [Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT)], a groundwater model [Modular Finite-Difference Model (MODFLOW)], and a streamflow model [Water Quality Analysis Simulation Program (WASP)] were set up and integrated to simulate PFAS fate and transport in a large watershed. The study area was the Huron River watershed, a highly PFAS impacted watershed in southeastern Michigan. All of the aforementioned models were calibrated and validated for streamflow and base flow on a daily basis with Nash-Sutcliffe model efficiency coefficient (NSE) above 0.6, the ratio of the root-mean square error to the standard deviation of measured data (RSR) less than 0.6, and percent bias (PBIAS) less than . The results showed that the integrated model adequately captured the overall trends for perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) but underestimated the magnitude of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) concentration due to a lack of information from diffusive sources and historical loads. Therefore, it is important to organize monitoring studies and consider further model enhancements to improve our understanding of PFAS fate and transport in large watersheds.
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Data Availability Statement
Some or all data, models, or code that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. This information includes data collected by the Michigan Department of Environment, Great Lakes, and Energy (EGLE) for Michigan PFAS sites and PFAS surface water sampling.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the Michigan Department of Natural Resources Contract No. 200000000672. This work was also supported by the US Department of Agriculture-National Institute of Food and Agriculture, Hatch Project 1019654. We would like to thank the Michigan PFAS Action Response Team for providing PFAS observation data. Finally, we would like to express our appreciation to Christian Loveall, Hannah Ferriby, Josué Kpodo, and Alex Raschke for all of their efforts with data analysis and visualization of the results for this work.
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Journal of Environmental Engineering
Volume 148 • Issue 9 • September 2022
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© 2022 American Society of Civil Engineers.
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Received: Jan 6, 2022
Accepted: Apr 4, 2022
Published online: Jul 15, 2022
Published in print: Sep 1, 2022
Discussion open until: Dec 15, 2022
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- Anna Raschke, A. Pouyan Nejadhashemi, Vahid Rafiei, Overview of Modeling, Applications, and Knowledge Gaps for Integrated Large-Scale PFAS Modeling, Journal of Environmental Engineering, 10.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0002033, 148, 9, (2022).