Electrooxidation–Ultrasonication Hybrid Process for Antibiotic Chlortetracycline Treatment
Publication: Journal of Environmental Engineering
Volume 142, Issue 5
Abstract
This study investigated the electrochemical oxidation of chlortetracycline in aqueous solution using a anode under ultrasound irradiations. The influence of various parameters such as electric current applied, power of ultrasound, and treatment time were evaluated and optimization process was investigated by using factorial design and central composite design methodology. The results indicated that the chlortetracycline degradation rate was greatly influenced by the current and the treatment time. A current intensity of 3.92 A under ultrasound irradiation of 20 W (at 500 kHz) for a period of treatment of 95 min were found to be the best conditions for chlortetracycline oxidation in term of cost-effectiveness. The initial concentration () could be optimally diminished up to 73.3% while using a anode. Under these conditions, a relatively high mineralization of chlortetracycline (61.4% of total organic carbon removal) was recorded. Then, the optimal conditions were applied on a municipal wastewater effluent (sampled after secondary treatment) and artificially contaminated with , , and , respectively. The treatment was more effective with the municipal effluent (chlortetracycline could be oxidized up to 98%) because of the presence of chloride ions that could easily be transformed into active chlorine. Chlortetracycline could be oxidized by both direct anodic electrochemical oxidation (by means of hydroxyl radicals) and indirect electrochemical oxidation via mediators, such as hypochlorous acid generated by chloride oxidation.
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Acknowledgments
Sincere thanks are extended to the National Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada for their financial contribution to this study.
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Published In
Journal of Environmental Engineering
Volume 142 • Issue 5 • May 2016
Copyright
© 2016 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Feb 20, 2015
Accepted: Nov 2, 2015
Published online: Jan 19, 2016
Published in print: May 1, 2016
Discussion open until: Jun 19, 2016
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