Engine and Duty Cycle Variability in Diesel Construction Equipment Emissions
Publication: Journal of Environmental Engineering
Volume 139, Issue 2
Abstract
This paper explores methods for analyzing onboard mass emissions data and developing modal models on the basis of case study examples for nine selected nonroad construction vehicles. Data for these vehicles were obtained from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Several modeling methods were explored, including stratification of the data into operating modes and supplementing the modal models with ordinary least-squares regression and multiple least-squares regression. The modal approach offers the advantages as conceptually the simplest, reducing the influence of autocorrelation in the model and providing substantial explanatory power. The normalized relationship between predicted mode-specific average emissions and exhaust flow is stable, similar, and consistent for all vehicles. For a given engine, the average emission rate can vary by more than a factor of two when comparing highest to lowest rates among different duty cycles. Some engines are common to different types of equipment, such as bulldozers and front-end loaders. For a given type of equipment, such as bulldozers, average and mass emission rates can vary by more than 50% depending on the duty cycle. Vehicle category-specific modal models are recommended on the basis of onboard second-by-second in-use activity and emissions data and for use in new modeling tools to estimate emissions produced by nonroad construction vehicles.
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Acknowledgments
This material is based on work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. 0327731. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation. James Warila of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in Ann Arbor, Michigan, provided in-use data for nine construction vehicles.
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Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Environmental Engineering
Volume 139 • Issue 2 • February 2013
Pages: 261 - 268
Copyright
© 2013 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: May 12, 2011
Accepted: Feb 3, 2012
Published online: Feb 6, 2012
Published in print: Feb 1, 2013
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