Engineering with the Elements
Publication: Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
Volume 137, Issue 10
Abstract
The engineers of the Inka Empire had a unique consciousness of nature—the elements that strike brute mischief on man’s structures—because the foundation of their engineering knowledge was agriculture. These engineers, with a tradition of observing nature, succeeded in building their Andean road network because they learned to work with nature instead of trying to control it by domination. Close examination and reverse engineering of the past accomplishments of these ancient engineers can lead to thoughtful solutions to current engineering challenges, particularly the effort to construct sustainable infrastructure.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The research team extends its sincere appreciation to the National Science Foundation for funding the Learning from the Ancient Engineers of the Great Inka Road project. The Smithsonian Institute’s National Museum of the American Indian is also in our debt for bringing together its experts and hosting project planning meetings, and for providing satellite time while the team was in the field. The Universidad de Piura purchased and provided the team with a satellite dish and generator, which were critical to our work in the remote areas of the Andes.
References
Beck, Colleen M. (1991). “Cross-cutting relationships: The relative dating of ancient roads on the north coast of Peru.” Ancient road networks and settlement hierarchies in the New World, C. D. Trombold, ed., Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK, 66–79.
Bird, J. B. (1975). “The ‘Copper Man’: A prehistoric miner and his tools from northern Chile.” Pre-Columbian metallurgy of South America, E. P. Benson, ed., Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 105–132.
de León, P. de Cieza (1959). The Incas of Pedro de Cieza de León (1553), Trans. Harriet de Onis, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 136.
Hyslop, J. (1984). The Inka road system, Academic Press, New York, 4.
Jenkins, D. (2001). “A network analysis of Inka Roads, administrative centers, and storage facilities.” Ethnohistory, 48(4), 655–687.
LeVine, T. Y. (1987). “Inka labor service at the regional level: The functional reality.” Ethnohistory, 34(1), 14–46.
Matos, R. (1995). “Los Inka de la Sierra Central del Perú.” Revista de Arqueología Americana (J. Am. Archaeol.), 8, 159–190.
Morris, C., and Thompson, D. E. (1985). Huánuco Pampa: An Inca city and its hinterland, Thames and Hudson, London, 115.
Murra, J. V. (1982). “The Mit’a obligations of ethnic groups to the Inka State.” The Inca and Aztec States, 1400–1800, G. Collier, R. Rosaldo, and J. Wirth, eds., Academic Press, New York, 237–262.
National Research Council (NRC). (1989). Lost crops of the Incas: Little-known plants of the Andes with promise for worldwide cultivation, National Academy, Washington, DC, 1.
Ochsendorf, J. A. (1996). “Inca suspension bridges.” Structural Engineering Dept. Rep. 96-8, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.
Petroski, H. (2008). “Honoring Inca engineering.” PRISM, American Society for Engineering Education, 〈www.prism-magazine.org/dec08/refractions.cfm〉 (Aug. 2010).
Petroski, H. (2009). “Machu Piccu.” Am. Sci., 97(1), 15–19.
Stockman, K. S. (1967). “Pre-colonial highways in Bolivia, Part I: The La Paz—Yungas Route Via Palca.” Publicación No. 17, Academia Nacional de Ciencias de Bolivia, La Paz, 23.
von Hagen, V. W. (1955). Highway of the sun, Duell, Sloan, and Pearce, New York, 132.
von Hagen, V. W. (1966). Roman roads, World Publishing, Cleveland, OH and New York, 19.
Wright, K. (2006). Tipón: Water engineering masterpiece of the Inca Empire, ASCE, Reston, VA.
Wright, K., and Zegarra, A. V. (2000). Machu Pichu: A civil engineering marvel, ASCE, Reston, VA.
Zárate, A. de (1862). Historia del descubrimiento y conquista de la provincia del Perú, Book II, Chapter xii, Biblioteca de autores Españoles, Madrid, 483 (in Spanish).
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
© 2011 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Sep 2, 2010
Accepted: Sep 20, 2010
Published online: Sep 23, 2010
Published in print: Oct 1, 2011
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.