Durability Performance Criteria for Precast RC Box Units and Repair Measures Based on Nondestructive Testing and Evaluation
Publication: Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities
Volume 35, Issue 6
Abstract
This paper presents the durability performance criteria for precast reinforced concrete (RC) box units for long-term durability against corrosion deterioration. This paper also presents the condition evaluation of precast RC box units constructed (at site) for road under bridge (RUB) that were exposed to open atmosphere for a period of about seven to eight years. This warranted the evaluation of the quality, integrity, strength, and durability of precast RC box units. Nondestructive testing and evaluation (NDT&E) reveal that some portions of RC box units are found to be of poor quality showing voids, honeycombing, and very low cover thickness to the rebar. The study shows that satisfying the minimum compressive strength criteria will not be sufficient for ensuring quality, integrity, and long-term durability of an RC structure since the deficiency in terms of poor quality and insufficient rebar cover thickness initiated corrosion deterioration at some portions in the selected RC box units. The detailed comprehensive investigation emphasizes the urgent need for the implementation of ‘durability performance’ criteria, in addition to the strength criteria for ensuring the long-term durability of the as-built structure. Necessary repair measures are suggested to enhance the long-term durability of RUB.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
All the data used during the study appear in the published article.
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful to the reviewers for the constructive suggestions. Authors acknowledge M/s. RITES Ltd. Chennai and M/s. Rajkumar Constructions for the assistance rendered during the in-situ investigation.
References
Ahmad, S., B. Bhattacharjee, and R. Wason. 1997. “Experimental service life prediction of rebar corroded reinforced concrete structure.” ACI Mater. J. 94 (4): 311–316.
Al-Bahar, S., K. E. Attiogbe, and H. Kamal. 1998. “Investigation of corrosion damage in a reinforced concrete structure in Kuwait.” ACI Mater. J. 95 (3): 226–230.
Alexander, M. G., M. Santhanam, and Y. Ballam. 2010. “Durability design and performance specifications for concrete structures-the way forward.” Int. J. Adv. Eng. Sci. App. Math. 2 (3): 95–105. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12572-011-0027-x.
ASTM. 2013. Standard test method for measurement of rate of absorption of water by hydraulic cement concretes. ASTM C1585. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2016a. Standard test method for electrical indication of concrete’s ability to resist chloride ion penetration. ASTM C1202. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2016b. Standard test method for pulse velocity through concrete. ASTM C597-16. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2017. Standard test method for half-cell potentials of uncoated reinforcing steel in concrete. ASTM C876-09. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
Bentur, A., and D. Mitchell. 2008. “Material performance lessons.” Cem. Concr. Res. 38 (2): 259–272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2007.09.009.
Bhadauria, S. S., and M. C. Gupta. 2006. “In-service durability performance of water tanks.” J. Perform. Constr. Facil. 20 (2): 136–145. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0887-3828(2006)20:2(136).
Bhaskar, S., G. Ramesh, and B. H. Bharatkumar. 2018. “A study on the durability performance criteria of OPC and PPC concretes in chloride induced environment.” In Proc., 3rd Raikar Memorial Int. Conf. and Gettu-Kodur Int. Symp. on Advances in Science and Technology of Concrete. Mumbai, India: India Chapter of American Concrete Institute.
Bhaskar, S., G. Ramesh, and B. H. Bharatkumar. 2020. “A review on performance based specifications towards concrete durability.” Struct. Concr. https://doi.org/10.1002/suco.201900542.
Bień, J., M. Kużawa, and T. Kamiński. 2020. “Strategies and tools for the monitoring of concrete bridges.” Struct. Concr. 21 (4): 1227–1239. https://doi.org/10.1002/suco.201900410.
BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards). 2004. Non-destructive testing of concrete—Methods of test. Part 1: Ultrasonic pulse velocity. IS 13311 (Part 1):1992. New Delhi, India: BIS.
BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards). 2016. Plain and reinforced concrete—Code of practice. IS 456:2000. New Delhi, India: BIS.
BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards). 2018. Hardened concrete—Methods of test. Part 4: Sampling, preparing and testing of concrete cores. IS 516 (Part 4). New Delhi, India: BIS.
Broomfield, J. P. 2007. Corrosion of steel in concrete: Understanding investigation and repair. 2nd ed. London: Taylor & Francis.
BSI (British Standards Institution). 1998. Testing concrete: Recommendations on the use of electromagnetic cover meters. BS 1881-204. London: BSI.
Bungey, J. H., S. G. Millard, and M. G. Grantham. 2006. Testing of concrete in structures. 4th ed. New York: Taylor & Francis.
Colin, L., L. Lemay, and O. Karthik. 2005. “Performance based specifications for concrete.” Indian Concr. J. 79 (12): 13–17.
Crane, A. P. 1983. Corrosion of reinforcement in concrete construction. Lincolnshire, UK: Ellis Horwood.
fib (International federation for structural concrete). 2002. Management, maintenance and strengthening of concrete structures. fib Bulletin No. 17. Lausanne, Switzerland: fib.
fib (International federation for structural concrete). 2003. Monitoring and safety evaluation of existing concrete structures. fib Bulletin No. 22. Lausanne, Switzerland: fib.
Frank, R., J. Raoul, and G. Mike. 2002. Deteriorated concrete: Inspection and physicochemical analysis. London: Thomas Telford.
Gokhan, K., and C. Alp. 2021. “Augmented reality for bridge condition assessment using advanced non-destructive techniques.” Struct. Infrastruct. Eng. 17 (7): 977–989.
Grantham, M. G. 2011. Understanding defects, testing and inspection. Concrete repair: A practical guide, edited by M. G. Grantham, 1–55. Milton Park, UK: Spon Press, Taylor & Francis.
GWT (Germanns Water Permeability Test). 2013. Germann water permeability test manual-4000, Germann instruments A/S. Copenhagen, Denmark: Germann Instruments.
Hooton, R. D., K. Hover, and J. A. Bickley. 2005. “Performance standards and specifications for concrete: Recent Canadian developments.” Indian Concr. J. 79 (12): 31–37.
Malhotra, V. M., and N. J. Carino, eds. 2004. Handbook on nondestructive testing of concrete. Washington, DC: CRC Press.
Marosszeky, M., and M. Chew. 1990. “Site investigation of reinforcement placement on buildings and bridges.” Concr. Int. 12 (4): 59–70.
Neville, A. 2001a. “Consideration of durability of concrete structures: Past, present and future.” Mater. Struct. 34 (2): 114–118. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02481560.
Neville, A. 2001b. “Core tests: Easy to perform, not easy to interpret.” Concr. Int. 23 (11): 59–68.
Nganga, G., M. G. Alexander, and H. Beushausen. 2011. “Performance-based durability design for RC structures.” Int. J. 3R’s 2 (3): 281–290.
Nordtest. 1999. Chloride migration coefficient from non-steady-state migration experiments. NT BUILD 492. Espoo, Finland: NordEst Invest Oy.
PCI (Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute). 2010. PCI design handbook. 7th ed. Chicago: PCI.
RILEM Recommendations. 1988. “CPC-18 measurement of hardened concrete carbonation depth.” Mater. Struct. 21 (126): 453–455.
RILEM State of Art Report. 2007. Non-destructive evaluation of the penetrability and thickness of the concrete cover. Bagneux, France: RILEM.
RILEM State of Art Report. 2016. Performance based specifications and control of concrete durability, edited by H. Beushausen and L. L. Fernandez. RILEM TC 230-PSC. New York: Springer.
SANS (South African National Standard). 2015. Concrete durability index testing—Oxygen permeability test. SANS 3001-CO3-2. Pretoria, South Africa: South African Bureau of Standards.
Santhanam, M. 2013. “Durability and performance specifications.” In The master builder, 100–114. Chennai, India: Mb publishers.
Segura, I., S. Cavalaro, A. D. L. Fuente, A. Aguado, and V. Alegre. 2016. “Service-life assessment of existing precast concrete structure exposed to severe marine conditions.” J. Perform. Constr. Facil. 30 (3): 04015036. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0000765.
TARMAC. 2010. Non-structural cracks in concrete. 4th ed. Camberley, UK: Concrete Society.
Tilly, G. P. 2001. “Durability of concrete repairs.” In Concrete repair: A practical guide, edited by M. G. Grantham. Milton Park, UK: Spon Press, Taylor & Francis.
Yu, C. W., and J. W. Bull. 2006. Durability of materials and structures in building and civil engineering. London: CRC Press.
Zhang, D., Y. Zeng, M. Fang, and W. Jin. 2019. “Service life predictions of precast concrete structures exposed to chloride environment.” Adv. Civ. Eng. 2019: 3216328. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/3246328.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities
Volume 35 • Issue 6 • December 2021
Copyright
© 2021 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Feb 18, 2021
Accepted: Jun 16, 2021
Published online: Aug 24, 2021
Published in print: Dec 1, 2021
Discussion open until: Jan 24, 2022
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.
Cited by
- Harrison E. Mutikanga, Muzafalu Kayondo, Mark G. Alexander, Yunus Ballim, Forensic Investigations of Concrete Degradation: Case Study of a Hydropower Project, Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities, 10.1061/JPCFEV.CFENG-4566, 38, 1, (2024).
- Bhaskar Sangoju, Durability Based Service Life Estimation of RC Structural Components, Advances in Sustainable Materials and Resilient Infrastructure, 10.1007/978-981-16-9744-9_21, (309-321), (2022).