Wind Performance Enhancement Strategies for Residential Wood-Frame Buildings
Publication: Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities
Volume 32, Issue 3
Abstract
Extreme winds such as tornadoes and hurricanes are relatively common natural hazards in the United States and can result in fatalities as well as damaging physical and socioeconomic infrastructure. Buildings are a critical sector within the built environment of a community and studying their performance under natural hazards is a major step for the risk and resilience assessment of a community. More than 80% of the total building stock in the United States and more than 90% of the residential buildings in North America are wood-frame construction; a construction type that is vulnerable to wind damage because they are light and typically are not engineered, only prescriptive in their design. Performance enhancement strategies for wood-frame residential buildings were investigated in this study by exploring combinations of roof coverings, roof sheathing nailing patterns, and roof-to-wall connection types. In this regard, a total of nine construction product combinations were considered. Further, recent changes to the wind standards were also explored. Specifically, the damage fragilities of five wood-frame building archetypes are considered for four damage states defined based on the performance of the building envelope, including roof coverings, doors and windows, roof sheathing, and roof-to-wall connections. The fragility curves are explained at the component level and then the building level for one archetype as an example, and the building fragility parameters are provided for all archetypes and for all construction product combinations. Comparison between fragilities developed using the last two versions of the wind standards are also presented. Then, an existing approach that amplifies the wind pressures in the wind standards to represent a tornado load is also compared. The fragility curves provided in this study can be used to represent residential buildings within a community for risk or resilience assessment/mitigation under hurricane or tornado loading.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The work presented in this paper was supported, in part, by the National Science Foundation (NSF) under Grant No. CMMI-1452725. Funding for this study was also provided, in part, through Cooperative Agreement 70NANB15H044 between the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and Colorado State University. The content expressed in this paper are the views of the authors and do not necessarily represent the opinions or views of NIST, the U.S. Department of Commerce, or NSF.
References
Alexander, D. E. (2013). “Resilience and disaster risk reduction: An etymological journey.” Nat. Hazard. Earth Syst. Sci., 13(11), 2707–2716.
ASCE. (2010). “Minimum design loads for buildings and other structures.” ASCE 7-10, Reston, VA.
ASCE. (2016). “Minimum design loads for buildings and other structures.” ASCE 7-16, Reston, VA.
AWC (American Wood Council). (2015). National design specification (NDS) for wood construction, Leesburg, VA.
Amini, M. O., and van de Lindt, J. W. (2014). “Quantitative insight into rational tornado design wind speeds for residential wood-frame structures using fragility approach.” J. Struct. Eng., 04014033.
Bruneau, M., et al. (2003). “A framework to quantitatively assess and enhance the seismic resilience of communities.” Earthquake Spectra, 19(4), 733–752.
Crandell, J. H., et al. (1993). “Assessment of damage to single-family homes caused by Hurricanes Andrew and Iniki.” U.S. Dept. of Housing and Urban Development, Washington, DC.
Ellingwood, B. R., Rosowsky, D. V., Li, Y., and Kim, J. H. (2004). “Fragility assessment of light-frame wood construction subjected to wind and earthquake hazards.” J. Struct. Eng., 1921–1930.
Ellingwood, B. R., and Tekie, P. B. (1999). “Wind load statistics for probability-based structural design.” J. Struct. Eng., 453–463.
FEMA. (2009). “Multi-hazard loss estimation methodology—Hurricane model. HAZUS-MH-MR4 technical manual.” Dept. of Homeland Security, Washington, DC.
Haan, F., Jr., Balaramudu, V., and Sarkar, P. (2010). “Tornado-induced wind loads on a low-rise building.” J. Struct. Eng., 106–116.
Huang, Z., Fan, X., Cai, L., and Shi, S. Q. (2016). “Tornado hazard for structural engineering.” Nat. Hazard., 83(3), 1821–1842.
Koliou, M., Masoomi, H., and van de Lindt, J. W. (2017). “Performance assessment of tilt-up big-box buildings subjected to extreme hazards: Tornadoes and earthquakes.” J. Perform. Constr. Facil., 04017060.
Lee, K. H., and Rosowsky, D. V. (2005). “Fragility assessment for roof sheathing failure in high wind regions.” Eng. Struct., 27(6), 857–868.
Li, Y., and Ellingwood, B. R. (2006). “Hurricane damage to residential construction in the US: Importance of uncertainty modeling in risk assessment.” Eng. Struct., 28(7), 1009–1018.
Masoomi, H., and van de Lindt, J. W. (2016). “Tornado fragility and risk assessment of an archetype masonry school building.” Eng. Struct., 128, 26–43.
Masoomi, H., and van de Lindt, J. W. (2017). “Tornado community-level spatial damage prediction including pressure deficit modeling.” Sustainable Resilient Infrastruct., 2(4), 179–193.
Masoomi, H., and van de Lindt, J. W. (2018). “Restoration and functionality assessment of a community subjected to tornado hazard.” Struct. Infrastruct. Eng., 14(3), 275–291.
Masoomi, H., van de Lindt, J. W., and Peek, L. (2017). “Quantifying socioeconomic impact of a Tornado by estimating population outmigration as a resilience metric at the community level.” J. Struct. Eng., in press.
Memari, M., et al. (2017). “Minimal building fragility portfolio for damage assessment of communities subjected to Tornadoes.” J. Struct. Eng., in press.
Ouyang, M., and Dueñas-Osorio, L. (2014). “Multi-dimensional hurricane resilience assessment of electric power systems.” Struct. Saf., 48, 15–24.
Platt, S., Brown, D., and Hughes, M. (2016). “Measuring resilience and recovery.” Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduct., 19, 447–460.
Reed, T. D., Rosowsky, D. V., and Schiff, S. D. (1997). “Uplift capacity of light-frame rafter to top plate connections.” J. Architect. Eng., 156–163.
Standohar-Alfano, C. D., van de Lindt, J. W., and Ellingwood, B. R. (2017). “Vertical load path failure risk analysis of residential wood-frame construction in tornadoes.” J. Struct. Eng., 04017045.
Unnikrishnan, V. U., and Barbato, M. (2016). “Performance-based comparison of different storm mitigation techniques for residential buildings.” J. Struct. Eng., 04016011.
van de Lindt, J., et al. (2013). “Dual-objective-based tornado design philosophy.” J. Struct. Eng., 251–263.
van de Lindt, J., Amini, M. O., Standohar-Alfano, C., and Dao, T. (2012). “Systematic study of the failure of a light-frame wood roof in a tornado.” Buildings, 2(4), 519–533.
van de Lindt, J. W., and Dao, T. N. (2009). “Performance-based wind engineering for wood-frame buildings.” J. Struct. Eng., 169–177.
Vann, W. P., and McDonald, J. R. (1978). “An engineering analysis: Mobile homes in a windstorm.” Institute for Disaster Research, Texas Tech Univ., Lubbock, TX.
Vickery, P. J., Skerlj, P. F., Lin, J., Twisdale, L. A., Jr., Young, M. A., and Lavelle, F. M. (2006). “HAZUS-MH hurricane model methodology. II: Damage and loss estimation.” Nat. Hazard. Rev., 94–103.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities
Volume 32 • Issue 3 • June 2018
Copyright
©2018 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Sep 11, 2017
Accepted: Dec 12, 2017
Published online: Apr 11, 2018
Published in print: Jun 1, 2018
Discussion open until: Sep 11, 2018
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.