Shake Table Tests on FRP Retrofitted Masonry Building Models
Publication: Journal of Composites for Construction
Volume 20, Issue 5
Abstract
The current study is devised to evaluate the seismic performance of fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) retrofitted buildings with openings at different FRP reinforcement levels. Required objectives are achieved by performing five shake table tests on -scale models of single-story boxlike masonry buildings. Out of five building models, one was an unreinforced masonry (URM) building model whereas the other four were retrofitted with different quantities and layouts of FRP reinforcement. FRP reinforcement is reduced by decreasing FRP strip widths and strip spacing and applying FRP strips on either the inside or outer faces of walls. Each building model was subjected to the same series of input ground motions with gradually increasing amplitudes. A series of diagonal compression tests was also conducted to decide the appropriate type of FRP and trial FRP reinforcement ratios for the masonry building models. Descriptions of the tested models are provided, including the structural response in terms of base shear, displacement, and damage patterns. The results of diagonal compression tests and building model shake table tests show that FRP can significantly enhance the seismic resistance of new and existing URM buildings.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
Abrams, D. P., and Paulson, T. J. (1991). “Modeling earthquake response of concrete masonry building structures.” ACI Struct. J., 88(4), 475–485.
Alcocer, M., Arias, G., and Vazquez, A. (2004). “Response assessment of Mexican confined masonry structures through shaking table tests.” Proc., 13th World Conf. on Earthquake Engineering (13WCEE), Canadian Association for Earthquake Engineering and International Association for Earthquake Engineering (IAEE), Vancouver, BC, Canada.
Ascione, L., Felice, G. D., and Santis, S. D. (2015). “A qualification method for externally bonded fiber reinforced cementitious matrix (FRCM) reinforcement systems.” J. Compos., Part B, 78, 497–506.
ASTM. (2002). “Standard test method for compressive strength of hydraulic cement mortars (using 2-in or [50-mm] cube specimen).” ASTM C109/C109M-02, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (2003a). “Standard test methods for compressive strength of masonry prisms.” ASTM C1314-03a, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (2003b). “Standard test methods for sampling and testing brick and structural clay tile.” ASTM C67-03a, West Conshohocken, PA.
Benedetti, D., Carydis, P., and Pezzoli, P. (1998). “Shaking table tests on twenty four simple masonry buildings.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn., 27(1), 67–90.
Dar, A. M., Umair, S. M., Numada, M., and Meguro, K. (2014). “Reduction of PP-band mesh connectivity for masonry structure retrofitting.” J. Struct. Earthquake Eng., 70(4), 586–595.
Elgawady, M. A, Lestuzzi, P., and Badoux, M. (2004). “A review of conventional seismic retrofitting for URM.” Proc., 13th Int. Brick/Block Masonry Conf., Eindhoven Univ. of Technology, Netherlands.
Elgawady, M. A., Lestuzzi, P., and Badoux, M. (2005). “In-plane seismic response of URM walls upgraded with FRP.” J. Compos. Constr., 524–535.
Grünthal, G., ed. (1998). European macroseismic scale, Vol. 15, European Seismological Commission, Subcommission on Engineering Seismology. Working Group Macroseismic Scales, Luxembourg.
Hashemi, A., and Mosalam, M. K. (2006). “Shake-table experiment on reinforced concrete structures containing masonry infill wall.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn., 35(14), 1827–1852.
Jaya, K., Michael, G., and Ali, M. (2012). “Experimental study on flexural behavior of FRP retrofitted masonry walls.” Composites in civil engineering, Rome.
Kazemi, M. T., Hoseinzadeh, M., Bakhshi, A., and Roffoei, F. R. (2010). “Shaking table study of a single storey confined brick masonry building.” Trans. A: Civ. Eng., 17(3), 184–193.
Kwiecien, A., et al. (2015). “Repair of composite-to-masonry bond using flexible matrix.” Mater. Struct., 1–18.
Lignola, G. P., Prota, A., and Manfredi, G. (2013). “Numerical investigation on the influence of FRP retrofit layout and geometry on the in-plane behavior of masonry walls.” J. Compos. Constr., 712–723.
Li-huwa, X., Zhang, S., Hu, X., and Zhang, M. (2012). “Seismic performance of masonry structures strengthened with FRP laminates: A shaking table study.” Proc., 15th World Conf. on Earthquake Engineering (15WCEE), Sociedade Portuguesa de Engenharia Sismica (SPES), Portugal.
Loaiza, C., Blondet, M., and Ottazzi, G. (2003). “World housing encyclopedia report.” Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, Oakland, CA.
Lodi, S. M., Sangi, A. J., and Abdullah, A. (2013). “World housing encyclopedia report.” Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, Oakland, CA.
Mahmood, H., and Ingham, J. M. (2011). “Diagonal compression testing of FRP retrofitted unreinforced clay brick masonry wallets.” J. Compos. Constr., 810–820.
Mahmood, H., Russel, A. P., and Ingham, J. M. (2008). “Laboratory testing of unreinforced masonry walls retrofitted with glass FRP sheets.” Proc., 14th Int. Brick/Block Masonry Conf., Univ. of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.
Marcari, G., Manfredi, G., Prota, A., and Pecce, M. (2007). “In-plane shear performance of masonry panels strengthened with FRP.” J. Compos., Part B, 38(7–8), 887–901.
Meguro, K., Sathiparan, N., Sakurai, K., and Numada, M. (2012). “Shaking table test of two-story masonry house model retrofitted by PP-band mesh.” Proc., 15th World Conf. on Earthquake Engineering (15WCEE), Sociedade Portuguesa de Engenharia Sismica (SPES), Portugal.
Mofidi, A., and Chaallal, O. (2011). “Shear strengthening of RC beams with externally bonded FRP composites: Effect of strip-width-to-strip-spacing ratio.” J. Compos. Constr., 732–742.
Moritz, U., and Lothar, S. (2012). “Comparison of different earthquake strengthening methods for masonry buildings.” Proc., 15th World Conf. on Earthquake Engineering (15WCEE), Sociedade Portuguesa de Engenharia Sismica (SPES), Portugal.
Nardone, F., Protra, A., and Mafredi, G. (2008). “Design criteria for FRP seismic strengthening of masonry walls.” Proc., 14th World Conf. on Earthquake Engineering (14WCEE), Beijing.
Ojha, J., and Yazdani, N. (2013). “Water permeability in fiber reinforced plastic (FRP) wrapped concrete beams.” Int. J. Struct. Civ. Eng. Res., 2(2), 9–22.
Porter, M. L., and Barnes, B. A. (1998). “Accelerated aging degradation of glass fiber composites.” Proc., 2nd Int. Conf. on Composites in Infrastructure, Univ. of Arizona, Tucson, AZ.
Prota, A., Manfredi, G., and Nardone, F. (2008). “Assessment of design formulas for in-plane FRP strengthening of masonry walls.” J. Compos. Constr., 643–649.
Rostasy, F. (1997). “Durability of FRP in aggressive environment.” Proc., 3rd Int. Symp. Non-Metallic (FRP) Reinforcement for Concrete Structures, Japan Concrete Institute, Japan.
Santa-Maria, H., Alcaino, P., and Luders, C. (2006). “Experimental response of masonry walls externally reinforced with carbon fibers.” Proc., 8th U.S. National Conf. on Earthquake Engineering, San Francisco.
Sasaki, I., Nishizaki, I., Sakamoto, H., Katawaki, K., and Kawamoto, Y. (1997). “Durability evaluation of FRP cables by exposure tests.” Proc., 3rd Int. Symp. Non-Metallic (FRP) Reinforcement for Concrete Structures, Japan Concrete Institute, Japan.
Sathiparan, N., Mayorca, P., and Meguro, K. (2012). “Shake table tests on one-quarter scale models of masonry houses retrofitted with PP-band mesh.” Earthquake Spectra, 28(1), 277–299.
Sathiparan, N., and Meguro, K. (2012). “Seismic behavior of low earthquake-resistant arch-shaped roof masonry houses retrofitted by PP-band meshes.” Pract. Period. Struct. Des. Constr., 54–64.
Sathiparan, N., and Meguro, K. (2015). “Strengthening of adobe houses with arch roofs using tie-bars and polypropylene band mesh.” Constr. Build. Mater., 82(1), 360–375.
Sen, R., Shahawy, M., Rosas, J., and Sukumar, S. (1998). “Durability of aramid pretensioned elements in a marine environment.” ACI Struct. J., 95(5), 578–587.
Stavridis, A., Koutromanos, I., and Shing, P. B. (2012). “Shake-table tests of a three-story reinforced concrete frame with masonry infill walls.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn., 41(6), 1089–1108.
Takewaka, K., and Khin, M. (1996). “Deterioration and stress rupture of FRP rods in alkaline solution simulating a concrete environment.” Proc., 2nd Int. Conf. on Advanced Composite Materials in Bridges and Structures, Canadian Society for Civil Engineering, Canada.
Tomazevic, M., and Klemenc, I. (1997). “Verification of seismic resistance of confined masonry building.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn., 26(10), 1073–1088.
Umair, S. M., Numada, M., and Meguro, K. (2013). “Optimum quantity of fiber reinforced polymers for cost effective seismic retrofitting of masonry structures.” J. Struct. Earthquake Eng., 69(4), 630–641.
Uomoto, T. (2001). “Durability of FRP reinforcement as concrete reinforcement.” Proc., Int. Conf. on FRP Composites in Civil Engineering, Elsevier, New York.
Valluzzi, M. R., Tinazzi, D., and Modena, C. (2002). “Shear behavior of masonry panels strengthened by FRP laminates.” Constr. Build. Mater., 16(7), 409–416.
Wight, D., Kowalsky, J., and Ingham, M. J. (2007). “Shake table testing of posttensioned concrete masonry walls with openings.” Struct. Eng., 1551–1559.
Yi-Hsuan, T., Chuang, T., Liu, P., and Yang, Y. (2010). “Out-of-plane shaking table tests on unreinforced masonry panels in RC frames.” Eng. Struct., 32(12), 3925–3935.
Zarnic, R., Gostic, S., Adam, J., and Taylor, A. C. (2000). “Shaking table tests of 1:4 reduced-scale models of masonry infilled reinforced concrete frame buildings.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn., 30(6), 819–834.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
© 2016 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Aug 12, 2015
Accepted: Dec 29, 2015
Published online: Mar 15, 2016
Discussion open until: Aug 15, 2016
Published in print: Oct 1, 2016
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.