Parametric Experimental Study of Ultra-Short Stud Connections for Lightweight Steel–UHPC Composite Bridges
Publication: Journal of Bridge Engineering
Volume 27, Issue 2
Abstract
This paper reports on double shear push-out tests conducted on steel-to-ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) connections based on studs of 30- or 22-mm diameter in slabs of 35, 55, or 150 mm thickness. The results show that with an increase in stud diameter, the longitudinal shear strength has improved by 25% and 94% for ultra-short and long studs (of aspect ratios below and equal to 4.0), respectively. For short studs, both the aspect ratio and concrete cover greatly influenced failure by partial stud fracture or UHPC pryout, while the diameter governed failure behavior for long studs. Decreases in aspect ratio and cover thickness caused shear resistance to drop by 40% and 7%, respectively, for 30- and 22-mm diameter studs. Regression analyses show that the shear strength, slip stiffness, and ductility of the connections are exponential, sinusoidal, and polynomial functions, respectively, of the stud aspect ratio. The ultra-short stud–UHPC connections are 62% stiffer in slip than their normal concrete counterparts. Future work should entail fatigue testing of the connections.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
This research was sponsored by the National Key R&D Plan (2017YFC07034), National Natural Science Foundation of China Youth Program (51908120), Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (BK 20180383), and Subote Materials Co. Ltd, Jiangsu, China. We would like to express our gratitude for their financial support of this research.
References
AASHTO. 2020. AASHTO LRFD Bridge design specifications. 9th ed. Washington, DC: AASHTO.
An, L., and K. Cederwall. 1996. “Push-out tests on studs in high strength and normal strength concrete.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 36 (1): 15–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/0143-974X(94)00036-H.
ANSI/AISC (America National Standard Institute). 2010. Specification for structural steel buildings. ANSI/AISC 360. Chicago: AISC.
Cao, J., X. Shao, L. Deng, and Y. Gan. 2017. “Static and fatigue behavior of short-headed studs embedded in a thin ultrahigh-performance concrete layer.” J. Bridge Eng. 22 (5): 04017005. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0001031.
Cao, J., X. Shao, Z. Zhang, and H. Zhao. 2016. “Retrofit of an orthotropic steel deck with compact reinforced reactive powder concrete.” Struct. Infrastruct. Eng. 12 (3): 411–429.
CEN (European Committee for Standardization). 2005. Design of composite steel and concrete structures. Part 2: General rules for bridges. Eurocode 4. Brussels, Belgium: CEN.
GB (Guobiao Standards). 2003. Code for design of steel structures. GB50017-2003. Beijing: China Planning Press.
GB (Guobiao Standards). 2010. Design code for concrete structure. GB 50010-2010. Beijing: China Planning Press.
GB (Guobiao Standards). 2015. Reactive powder concrete. GB/T 31387-2015. Beijing: China Planning Press.
Hamoda, A., K. M. A. Hossain, K. Sennah, M. Shoukry, and Z. Mahmoud. 2017. “Behaviour of composite high performance concrete slab on steel I-beams subjected to static hogging moment.” Eng. Struct. 140: 51–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.02.030.
Hossain, K. M. A., S. Alam, M. S. Anwar, and K. M. Y. Julkarnine. 2016. “High performance composite slabs with profiled steel deck and engineered cementitious composite—Strength and shear bond characteristics.” Constr. Build. Mater. 125: 227–240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.08.021.
Kim, J.-S., J. Kwark, C. Joh, S.-W. Yoo, and K.-C. Lee. 2015. “Headed stud shear connector for thin ultrahigh-performance concrete bridge deck.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 108: 23–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2015.02.001.
Kruszewski, D., K. Wille, and A. E. Zaghi. 2018. “Push-out behavior of headed shear studs welded on thin plates and embedded in UHPC.” Eng. Struct. 173: 429–441. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.07.013.
Lin, W., T. Yoda, N. Taniguchi, H. Kasano, and J. He. 2014. “Mechanical performance of steel-concrete composite beams subjected to a hogging moment.” J. Bridge Eng. 140 (1): 04013031. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000800.
Lin, Z., Y. Liu, and C. W. Roeder. 2016. “Behavior of stud connections between concrete slabs and steel girders under transverse bending moment.” Eng. Struct. 117: 130–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2016.03.014.
Liu, T., Z. Wang, J. Guo, and J. Wang. 2019a. “Shear strength of dry joints in precast UHPC segmental bridges: Experimental and theoretical research.” J. Bridge Eng. 24 (1): 04018100. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0001323.
Liu, Y., Q. Zhang, Y. Bao, and Y. Bu. 2019b. “Static and fatigue push-out tests of short headed shear studs embedded in engineered cementitious composites (ECC).” Eng. Struct. 182: 29–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.12.068.
Liu, Y., Q. Zhang, W. Meng, Y. Bao, and Y. Bu. 2019c. “Transverse fatigue behaviour of steel–UHPC composite deck with large-size U-ribs.” Eng. Struct. 180: 388–399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.11.057.
Luo, J., X. Shao, W. Fan, J. Cao, and S. Deng. 2019. “Flexural cracking behavior and crack width predictions of composite (steel + UHPC) lightweight deck system.” Eng. Struct. 194: 120–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2019.05.018.
Luo, Y., K. Hoki, H. Kazuhiro, and N. Masayoshi. 2016a. “Behavior and strength of headed stud–SFRCC shear connection. II: Strength evaluation.” J. Struct. Eng. 142 (2): 04015113. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001372.
Luo, Y., H. Kazuaki, H. Kazuhiro, and N. Masayoshi. 2016b. “Behavior and strength of headed stud–SFRCC shear connection. I: Experimental study.” J. Struct. Eng. 142 (2): 04015112. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001363.
Meng, W., and K. H. Khayat. 2016. “Mechanical properties of ultra-high-performance concrete enhanced with graphite nanoplatelets and carbon nanofibers.” Composites, Part B 107: 113–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2016.09.069.
Mosallam, A. S., L. Feo, A. Elsadek, S. Pul, and R. Penna. 2014. “Structural evaluation of axial and rotational flexibility and strength of web–flange junctions of open-web pultruded composites.” Composites, Part B 66: 311–327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2014.05.018.
Naaman, A. E., and K. Chandrangsu. 2004. “Innovative bridge deck system using high-performance fiber-reinforced cement composites.” Struct. J. 101 (1): 57–64.
Okada, J., T. Yoda, and J.-P. Lebet. 2006. “A study of the grouped arrangements of stud connectors on shear strength behavior.” Struct. Eng./Earthquake Eng. 23 (1): 75s–89s. https://doi.org/10.2208/jsceseee.23.75s.
Ollgaard, J. G., Slutter, R. G., and Fisher, J. W. 1971. “Shear strength of stud connectors in lightweight and normal weight concrete.” AISC Eng. J. 8 (2): 55–64.
Pallarés, L., and J. F. Hajjar. 2010. “Headed steel stud anchors in composite structures, Part I: Shear.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 66 (2): 198–212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2009.08.009.
Pavlović, M., Z. Marković, M. Veljković, and D. Buđevac. 2013. “Bolted shear connectors vs. headed studs behaviour in push-out tests.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 88: 134–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2013.05.003.
PCI (Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute). 2004. PCI design handbook: Precast and prestressed concrete. 6th ed. Chicago: PCI.
Russell, H. G., and Graybeal, B. A. 2013. Ultra-high performance concrete: A state-of-the-art report for the bridge community. Publication No. FHWA-HRT-13-060. McLean, VA: Federal Highway Administration.
Saari, W. K., J. F. Hajjar, A. E. Schultz, and C. K. Shield. 2004. “Behavior of shear studs in steel frames with rein- forced concrete infill walls.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 60 (10): 1453–1480. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2004.03.003.
Shafieifar, M., M. Farzad, and A. Azizinamini. 2018. “A comparison of existing analytical methods to predict the flexural capacity of Ultra High Performance Concrete (UHPC) beams.” Constr. Build. Mater. 172: 10–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.03.229.
Shao, X., W. Qu, J. Cao, and Y. Yao. 2018. “Static and fatigue properties of the steel–UHPC lightweight composite bridge deck with large U ribs.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 148 (4): 491–507. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2018.05.011.
Shao, X., D. Yi, Z. Huang, H. Zhao, B. Chen, and M. Liu. 2013. “Basic performance of the composite deck system composed of orthotropic steel deck and ultrathin RPC layer.” J. Bridge Eng. 18 (5): 417–428. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0000348.
Shim, C.-S., P.-G. Lee, and T.-Y. Yoon. 2004. “Static behavior of large stud shear connectors.” Eng. Struct. 26 (12): 1853–1860. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2004.07.011.
Slutter, R. G., and G. C. Driscoll. 1961. Research on composite design at Lehigh University Research, 18–24. Chicago: AISC.
Su, Q., G. Yang, and M. A. Bradford. 2014. “Static behaviour of multi-row stud shear connectors in high-strength concrete.” Steel Compos. Struct. 17 (6): 967–980. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2014.17.6.967.
Wang, J., J. Qi, T. Tong, Q. Xu, and H. Xiu. 2019a. “Static behavior of large stud shear connectors in steel–UHPC composite structures.” Eng. Struct. 178: 534–542. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.07.058.
Wang, J., Q. Xu, Y. Yao, J. Qi, and H. Xiu. 2018. “Static behavior of grouped large headed stud–UHPC shear connectors in composite structures.” Compos. Struct. 206: 202–214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2018.08.038.
Wang, J.-Y., J.-Y. Guo, L.-J. Jia, S.-M. Chen, and Y. Dong. 2017. “Push-out tests of demountable headed stud shear connectors in steel–UHPC composite structures.” Compos. Struct. 170 (6): 69–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2017.03.004.
Wang, Z., X. Nie, J.-S. Fan, X.-Y. Lu, and R. Ding. 2019b. “Experimental and numerical investigation of the interfacial properties of non-steam-cured UHPC–steel composite beams.” Constr. Build. Mater. 195 (3): 323–339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.11.057.
Xue, D., Y. Liu, Z. Yu, and J. He. 2012. “Static behavior of multi-stud shear connectors for steel–concrete composite bridge.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 74: 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2011.09.017.
Xue, W., D. Min, W. Hua, and L. Ziwen. 2008. “Static behavior and theoretical model of stud shear connectors.” J. Bridge Eng. 13 (6): 623–634. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0702(2008)13:6(623).
Yang, I.-H., C. Joh, and B.-S. Kim. 2011. “Flexural strength of large-scale ultra-high performance concrete prestressed T-beams.” Can. J. Civ. Eng. 38 (11): 1185–1195.
Yoo, S.-W., and J. F. Choo. 2016. “Evaluation of the flexural behavior of composite beam with inverted-T steel girder and steel fiber reinforced ultra-high performance concrete slab.” Eng. Struct. 118: 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2016.03.052.
Yoshitake, I., Y. Kuroda, Y. Watada, and Y. J. Kim. 2016. “Fatigue performance of steel–concrete composite slabs with a cementitious adhesive subjected to water leakage.” Constr. Build. Mater. 111: 22–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.02.048.
Zhang, Q., Y. Liu, Y. Bao, D. Jia, Y. Bu, and Q. Li. 2017a. “Fatigue performance of orthotropic steel–concrete composite deck with large-size longitudinal U-shaped ribs.” Eng. Struct. 150: 864–874. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.07.094.
Zhang, Q., S. Pei, Z. Cheng, Y. Bao, and Q. Li. 2017b. “Theoretical and experimental studies of the internal force transfer mechanism of perfobond rib shear connector group.” J. Bridge Eng. 22 (2): 04016112. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0000997.
Zhao, C., K. Wang, Q. Zhou, K. Deng, and B. Cui. 2018. “Full-scale test and simulation on flexural behavior of dovetail-shaped reactive powder–concrete wet joint in a composite deck system.” J. Bridge Eng.23 (8): 04018051. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0001265.
Zhou, S. 1984. “Strength and behavior of stud shear connectors for steel-concrete composite beams.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Zhengzhou Institute of Technology.
Zhu, Z., T. Yuan, Z. Xiang, Y. Huang, Y. E. Zhou, and X. Shao. 2018. “Behavior and fatigue performance of details in an orthotropic steel bridge with UHPC-deck plate composite system under in-service traffic flows.” J. Bridge Eng. 23 (3): 04017142. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0001167.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
© 2021 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: May 28, 2021
Accepted: Oct 21, 2021
Published online: Dec 6, 2021
Published in print: Feb 1, 2022
Discussion open until: May 6, 2022
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.
Cited by
- Shu Fang, Shufeng Zhang, Zhipeng Cao, Guifeng Zhao, Zhuangcheng Fang, Yuhong Ma, Haibo Jiang, Effects of stud aspect ratio and cover thickness on push-out performance of thin full-depth precast UHPC slabs with grouped short studs: Experimental evaluation and design considerations, Journal of Building Engineering, 10.1016/j.jobe.2023.105910, 67, (105910), (2023).
- Zhuangcheng Fang, Lingkai Hu, Haibo Jiang, Shu Fang, Guifeng Zhao, Yuhong Ma, Shear performance of high-strength friction-grip bolted shear connector in prefabricated steel–UHPC composite beams: Finite element modelling and parametric study, Case Studies in Construction Materials, 10.1016/j.cscm.2023.e01860, 18, (e01860), (2023).
- Li Song, Siqi Fang, Chenxing Cui, Zhiwu Yu, Zhichao Wang, A load-slip model for stud connector in steel-concrete composite structures, Advances in Structural Engineering, 10.1177/13694332221128849, 26, 3, (489-504), (2022).
- Qizhi Xu, Wendel Sebastian, Kaiwei Lu, Yiming Yao, Jingquan Wang, Development and Performance of Innovative Steel Wedge Block–Crossed Inclined Stud–UHPC Connections for Composite Bridge, Journal of Structural Engineering, 10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0003437, 148, 9, (2022).
- Qizhi Xu, Wendel Sebastian, Kaiwei Lu, Yiming Yao, Jingquan Wang, Shear behaviour and calculation model for stud-UHPC connections: Finite element and theoretical analyses, Engineering Structures, 10.1016/j.engstruct.2022.113838, 254, (113838), (2022).