Decision Framework for Traffic Control on Sea-Crossing Bridges during Strong Winds
Publication: Journal of Bridge Engineering
Volume 26, Issue 8
Abstract
A new framework to establish a traffic control strategy is proposed for sea-crossing bridges. This new framework is particularly focused on the threat posed by strong winds, and two geometric characteristics of bridges – deck shape and road alignment – were considered. First, the entire bridge was subdivided based on the deck shape and the road alignment. Wind-tunnel testing was used to evaluate the deck shape and road alignment for each of the subdivided sections and determine the effect on vehicle aerodynamics. The minimum critical wind speeds were then estimated for each traffic lane on each segmented road section along the bridge based on vehicle analysis by simulating the length, curvature, cant, and elevation of each section. Finally, a traffic-control strategy was established based on the critical wind-speed curves developed for all wind directions. As a numerical example, the developed framework was applied to a double-deck suspension bridge. The proposed framework resulted in a traffic control strategy that accounts for the deck shape and road alignment along the bridge. A series of comparative studies were performed to clarify the influences that deck shape and road alignment exert on vehicle stability.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
This research was supported by a grant (21SCIP-B119963-06) from the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport of the Korean Government. The authors are particularly thankful to Principal Engineer Young-Kook Kim, who is the leader of the Bridge Management Team of the Busan Infrastructure Corporation, for his valuable comments on this study and for the use of his images.
References
Baker, C. J. 1986. “A simplified analysis of various types of wind-induced road vehicle accidents.” J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. 22 (1): 69–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-6105(86)90012-7.
Baker, C. J. 1987. “Measures to control vehicle movement at exposed sites during windy periods.” J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. 25 (2): 151–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-6105(87)90013-4.
Baker, C. J. 1991a. “Ground vehicles in high cross winds part I: Steady aerodynamic forces.” J. Fluids Struct. 5 (1): 69–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/0889-9746(91)80012-3.
Baker, C. J. 1991b. “Ground vehicles in high cross winds part II: Unsteady aerodynamic forces.” J. Fluids Struct. 5 (1): 91–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/0889-9746(91)80013-4.
Baker, C. J. 1991c. “Ground vehicles in high cross winds part III: The interaction of aerodynamic forces and the vehicle system.” J. Fluids Struct. 5 (2): 221–241. https://doi.org/10.1016/0889-9746(91)90478-8.
Baker, C. J. 2013. “A framework for the consideration of the effects of crosswinds on trains.” J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. 123: 130–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2013.09.015.
Baker, C. J., and N. D. Humphreys. 1996. “Assessment of the adequacy of various wind tunnel techniques to obtain aerodynamic data for ground vehicles in cross winds.” J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. 60: 49–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-6105(96)00023-2.
Baker, C. J., and S. Reynolds. 1992. “Wind-induced accidents of road vehicles.” Accid. Anal. Prev. 24 (6): 559–575. https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-4575(92)90009-8.
Batista, M., and M. Perkovič. 2014. “A simple static analysis of moving road vehicle under crosswind.” J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. 128: 105–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2014.02.009.
Charuvisit, S., K. Kimura, and Y. Fujino. 2004. “Experimental and semi-analytical studies on the aerodynamic forces acting on a vehicle passing through the wake of a bridge tower in cross wind.” J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. 92 (9): 749–780. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2004.04.001.
Chen, N., Y. Li, B. Wang, Y. Su, and H. Xiang. 2015. “Effects of wind barrier on the safety of vehicles driven on bridges.” J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. 143: 113–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2015.04.021.
Chen, S. R., and C. S. Cai. 2004. “Accident assessment of vehicles on long-span bridges in windy environments.” J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. 92 (12): 991–1024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2004.06.002.
Dorigatti, F., M. Sterling, C. J. Baker, and A. D. Quinn. 2015. “Crosswind effects on the stability of a model passenger train—A comparison of static and moving experiments.” J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. 138: 36–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2014.11.009.
Dorigatti, F., M. Sterling, D. Rocchi, M. Belloli, A. D. Quinn, C. J. Baker, and E. Ozkan. 2012. “Wind tunnel measurements of crosswind loads on high sided vehicles over long span bridges.” J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. 107: 214–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2012.04.017.
Gillespie, T. D. 1992. Fundamentals of vehicle dynamics. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers.
Grip, H. F., L. Imsland, T. A. Johansen, J. C. Kalkkuhl, and A. Suissa. 2009. “Vehicle sideslip estimation.” IEEE Control Syst. 29 (5): 36–52. https://doi.org/10.1109/MCS.2009.934083.
Gustafsson, F. 1997. “Slip-based tire-road friction estimation.” Automatica 33 (6): 1087–1099. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-1098(97)00003-4.
Han, Y., S. Liu, J. X. Hu, C. S. Cai, J. Zhang, and Z. Chen. 2014. “Experimental study on aerodynamic derivatives of a bridge cross-section under different traffic flows.” J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. 133: 250–262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2014.08.003.
Imai, T., T. Fujii, K. Tanemoto, T. Shimamura, T. Maeda, H. Ishida, and Y. Hibino. 2002. “New train regulation method based on wind direction and velocity of natural wind against strong winds.” J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. 90 (12–15): 1601–1610. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-6105(02)00273-8.
Kim, S.-J. 2020. “Probabilistic stability evaluation of vehicles under strong winds for bridge traffic control.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Seoul National Univ.
Kim, S.-J., and H.-K. Kim. 2019. “Feasibility of a quasi-static approach in assessing side-wind hazards for running vehicles.” Appl. Sci. 9 (16): 3377. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9163377.
Kim, S.-J., J.-H. Shim, and H.-K. Kim. 2020. “How wind affects vehicles crossing a double-deck suspension bridge.” J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. 206: 104329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2020.104329.
Kim, S.-J., C.-H. Yoo, and H.-K. Kim. 2016. “Vulnerability assessment for the hazards of crosswinds when vehicles cross a bridge deck.” J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. 156: 62–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2016.07.005.
KSCE (Korean Society of Civil Engineering). 2006. Design guidelines for steel cable-supported bridges, Korea. Seoul: KSCE.
Lee, I.-K. 2012. “Risk analysis of vehicle accidents by crosswinds and installation guidelines of wind barriers.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang Univ.
Sterling, M., A. D. Quinn, D. M. Hargreaves, F. Cheli, E. Sabbioni, G. Tomasini, D. Delaunay, C. J. Baker, and H. Morvan. 2010. “A comparison of different methods to evaluate the wind induced forces on a high sided lorry.” J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. 98 (1): 10–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2009.08.008.
Strømmen, E. 2010. Theory of bridge aerodynamics. Berlin: Springer Science & Business Media.
Suzuki, M., K. Tanemoto, and T. Maeda. 2003. “Aerodynamic characteristics of train/vehicles under cross winds.” J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. 91 (1–2): 209–218. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-6105(02)00346-X.
Wang, B., Y. L. Xu, L. D. Zhu, and Y. L. Li. 2014. “Crosswind effect studies on road vehicle passing by bridge tower using computational fluid dynamics.” Eng. Appl. Comput. Fluid Mech. 8 (3): 330–344. https://doi.org/10.1080/19942060.2014.11015519.
Xu, Y.-L., and W. H. Guo. 2003. “Dynamic analysis of coupled road vehicle and cable-stayed bridge systems under turbulent wind.” Eng. Struct. 25 (4): 473–486. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-0296(02)00188-8.
Zhu, L., L. Li, Y.-L. Xu, and Q. Zhu. 2012. “Wind tunnel investigations of aerodynamic coefficients of road vehicles on bridge deck.” J. Fluids Struct. 30: 35–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfluidstructs.2011.09.002.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
© 2021 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Oct 30, 2020
Accepted: Mar 16, 2021
Published online: May 26, 2021
Published in print: Aug 1, 2021
Discussion open until: Oct 26, 2021
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.
Cited by
- Jiaming Zhang, Cunming Ma, Rong Xian, Jiankun Li, Qinfeng Li, Wind tunnel investigations of crosswind loads for static road vehicles on wide bridge decks, Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 10.1016/j.jweia.2023.105315, 233, (105315), (2023).
- Ho-Kyung Kim, Hyeong-Yun Cheon, Sejin Kim, Probabilistic Assessment of Vehicle Driving Safety under Strong Winds – Cause Investigations on Two Sea-Crossing Bridges, IABSE Congress, Nanjing 2022: Bridges and Structures: Connection, Integration and Harmonisation, 10.2749/nanjing.2022.0028, (28-33), (2022).
- Sejin Kim, MohammadReza Seyedi, Ho-Kyung Kim, Risk Assessment of Wind-Induced Vehicle Accidents on Long-Span Bridges Using Onsite Wind and Traffic Data, Journal of Structural Engineering, 10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0003455, 148, 10, (2022).
- Jae-Yeong Lim, Sejin Kim, Ho-Kyung Kim, Young-Kuk Kim, Long short-term memory (LSTM)-based wind speed prediction during a typhoon for bridge traffic control, Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 10.1016/j.jweia.2021.104788, 220, (104788), (2022).