Experimental Investigation of the High-Temperature Performance of High-Strength Steel Suspension Bridge Wire
Publication: Journal of Bridge Engineering
Volume 26, Issue 7
Abstract
Quantification of the mechanical properties of suspension bridge main cables during fire hazards is a vital part of holistic safety assessment of infrastructure. While some researchers have examined the response of main cables to thermomechanical loading, all of these studies have mentioned the limitations of their predications due to the dearth in high-temperature data for ASTM A586 high-strength wire. The wire manufacturing process produces steel with very unique microstructural properties. Due to the high degree of cold-working involved, industry standards for the high-temperature performance of structural steel framing cannot be applied to bridge wire. This article presents the results of an exhaustive experimental investigation performed to empirically characterize many aspects of the high-temperature performance of the bridge wire. In addition to the typical engineering parameters of elastic modulus, yield strength, and ultimate strength, temperature dependence of proportional limit, work-hardening coefficient, work-hardening exponent, and ultimate strain is also determined. Two temperature-dependent models of the wire stress–strain behavior are presented herein. The models represent the mean behavior of multiple tension tests at each temperature, and models far more accurate high-temperature A586 wire behavior than was previously possible.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
This work was funded by the Metropolitan Transportation Authority (Contract No. PARSONSCO CU17-1525) and the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey (Contract No. PARSONSCO CU17-2895), with Dr. D. Paskova (MTA) and Ms. L. Glodkowski (MTA) as project managers. The authors would like to thank Mr. D. Khazem (Parsons Corporation) and Dr. M. J. D. Sloane (Parsons Corporation) for their consulting expertise over the course of the project. The testing performed in this study was made possible by the Robert A. W. Carleton Strength of Materials Laboratory, a Columbia University research center. The authors would like to especially thank the staff of the Carleton Laboratory—William Hunnicutt, Liming Li, Brannon Blanke, and Travis Simmons—for their collaboration, cooperation and facilities support.
References
ACI (American Concrete Institute). 2019. Code requirements for determining fire resistance of concrete and masonry construction assemblies. ACI/TMS 216.1M-14(19). Farmington Hills, MI: ACI.
AISC. 2003. Steel design guide 19: Fire resistance of structural steel framing. Chicago: AISC.
ASTM. 2017. Standard test methods and definitions for mechanical testing of steel products. ASTM A370-17. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2020. Standard test methods for elevated temperature tension tests of metallic materials. ASTM E21-20. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
Brügger, A., S.-Y. Lee, J. A. A. Mills, R. Betti, and I. C. Noyan. 2017. “Partitioning of clamping strains in a nineteen parallel wire strand.” Exp. Mech. 57 (6): 921–937. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11340-017-0276-0.
Callister, W. D. Jr., 2007. Materials science and engineering: An introduction. 7th ed. London: John Wiley & Sons.
CEN (European Committee for Standardization). 2004. Design of concrete structures, Part 1-2: General rules—Structural fire design. Eurocode 2. Brussels, Belgium: CEN.
Chen, J., B. Young, and B. Uy. 2006. “Behavior of high strength structural steel at elevated temperatures.” J. Struct. Eng. 132 (12): 1948–1954. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2006)132:12(1948).
Craveiro, H. D., J. P. C. Rodrigues, A. Santiago, and L. Laim. 2016. “Review of the high temperature mechanical and thermal properties of the steels used in cold formed steel structures—The case of the S280 Gd+Z steel.” Thin-Walled Struct. 98: 154–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2015.06.002.
Dieter, G. E. 1976. Mechanical metallurgy. 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Dossett, J. L., and H. E. Boyer. 2006. Practival heat treating. Novelty, OH: ASM International.
Feng, M., Y. C. Wang, and J. M. Davies. 2003. “Structural behaviour of cold-formed thin-walled short steel channel columns at elevated temperatures. Part 1: Experiments.” Thin-Walled Struct. 41 (6): 543–570. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0263-8231(03)00002-8.
Garlock, M., I. Paya-Zaforteza, V. Kodur, and L. Gu. 2012. “Fire hazard in bridges: Review, assessment, and repair strategies.” Eng. Struct. 35: 89–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2011.11.002.
Gjelsvik, A. 1991. “Development length for single wire in suspension bridge cable.” J. Struct. Eng. 117 (4): 1189–1200. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1991)117:4(1189).
Harmathy, T. Z., and W. W. Stanzak. 1970. “Elevated-temperature tensile and creep properties of some structural and prestressing steels.” In Fire test performance, ASTM STP 464, 186–208. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
Kesawan, S., V. Jatheeshan, and M. Mahendran. 2015. “Elevated temperature mechanical properties of hollow flange channel sections.” Constr. Build. Mater. 87: 86–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.03.107.
Kirby, B. R. 1995. “The behaviour of high-strength grade 8.8 bolts in fire.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 33 (1–2): 3–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/0143-974X(94)00013-8.
Lee, J. H., M. Mahendran, and P. Makelainen. 2003. “Prediction of mechanical properties of light gauge steels at elevated temperatures.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 59 (12): 1517–1532. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0143-974X(03)00087-7.
Li, G.-Q., S.-C. Jiang, Y.-Z. Yin, K. Chen, and M.-F. Li. 2003. “Experimental studies on the properties of constructional steel at elevated temperatures.” J. Struct. Eng. 129 (12): 1717–1721. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2003)129:12(1717).
Luecke, W. E., J. David McColskey, C. N. McCowan, S. W. Banovic, R. J. Fields, T. Foecke, T. A. Siewart, and F. W. Gayle. 2005. Federal building and fire safety investigation of the world trade center disaster: Mechanical properties of structural steels (draft). Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Science and Technology.
Main, J. A., and W. E. Luecke. 2010. Safety assessment of parallel wire suspension bridge cables under thermal effects. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology.
Mayrbaurl, R. M., and S. Camo. 2004. Guidelines for inspection and strength evaluations of suspension bridge parallel wire cables. NCHRP Rep. No. 534. Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board.
Mecking, H., and U. F. Kocks. 1981. “Kinetics of flow and strain-hardening.” Acta Metall. 29 (11): 1865–1875. https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-6160(81)90112-7.
Outinen, J., and P. Mäkeläinen. 2004. “Mechanical properties of structural steel at elevated temperatures and after cooling down.” Fire Mater. 28 (24): 237–251. https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.849.
Shakya, A. M., and V. K. R. Kodur. 2016. “Effect of temperature on the mechanical properties of low relaxation seven-wire prestressing strand.” Constr. Build. Mater. 124: 74–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.07.080.
Sloane, M. J. D. 2017. “Fire effects on suspension bridge main cables: methods for determining both temperature and strain distributions within an exposed cable.” Doctoral thesis, Civil Engineering & Engineering Mechanics, Columbia Univ.
Sloane, M. J. D., and R. Betti. 2019. “Heat transfer on a disk: A closed-form solution for suspension Bridge’s main cables exposed to fire.” J. Eng. Mech. 45 (3): 04019004. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EM.1943-7889.0001573.
Sloane, M. J. D., R. Betti, G. Marconi, A. Lum, and D. Khazem. 2013. “Experimental analysis of nondestructive corrosion monitoring system for main cables of suspension bridges.” J. Bridge Eng. 18 (7): 653–662. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0000399.
Taylor, G. I. 1934. “The mechanism of plastic deformation of crystals, Part 1: Theoretical.” Proc. Royal Soc. A 145 (855): 362–387.
Wang, W.-y., B. Liu, and V. Kodur. 2013. “Effect of temperature on strength and elastic modulus of high-strength steel.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 25 (2): 174–182. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000600.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Bridge Engineering
Volume 26 • Issue 7 • July 2021
Copyright
© 2021 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Sep 9, 2020
Accepted: Jan 18, 2021
Published online: Apr 22, 2021
Published in print: Jul 1, 2021
Discussion open until: Sep 22, 2021
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.
Cited by
- Zekun Fan, Tong Guo, Yongsheng Song, Zhaolei Zhang, Li Zhang, In-Fire and Postfire Safety Evaluation of Hangers of a Long-Span Suspension Bridge in a Truck Fire Accident, Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities, 10.1061/JPCFEV.CFENG-4465, 38, 1, (2024).
- Zhi Liu, Guo-Qiang Li, Ignacio Paya-Zaforteza, C. S. Cai, Qiao Huang, Fire Hazards in Bridges: State of the Art, Recent Progress, and Current Research Gaps, Journal of Bridge Engineering, 10.1061/JBENF2.BEENG-5790, 28, 7, (2023).
- Dagang Wang, Bo Wang, Guozheng Xie, Chenchen Li, Dekun Zhang, Shirong Ge, Effect of temperature on tribo-corrosion behaviors of parallel steel wires of main cable in the suspension bridge, Wear, 10.1016/j.wear.2022.204522, 512-513, (204522), (2023).
- Serdar Selamet, Abdullah Yusuf Ozer, Kerem Bulut Ildan, Experimental study on the fire performance of prestressed steel parallel wire strands, Engineering Structures, 10.1016/j.engstruct.2023.115709, 280, (115709), (2023).
- Jumari Robinson, Adrian Brugger, Matthew Sloane, Raimondo Betti, Experimental–Numerical Determination of the Effective Bulk Thermal Conductivity of Suspension Bridge Main Cables, Journal of Bridge Engineering, 10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0001973, 27, 12, (2022).
- Guojun Sun, Zhihao Li, Jinzhi Wu, Jingying Ren, Investigation of steel wire mechanical behavior and collaborative mechanism under high temperature, Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 10.1016/j.jcsr.2021.107039, 188, (107039), (2022).
- Farhan Farid Reshi, Priyanka Singh, undefined Shivangil, Ravinder Kumar Tomar, S K Singh, Analysis and Design of Cable Stayed and Suspension Bridge Subjected to Wind Loading, IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 10.1088/1755-1315/889/1/012059, 889, 1, (012059), (2021).