DES of a Slingsby Firefly Aircraft: Unsteady Flow Feature Extraction Using POD and HODMD
Publication: Journal of Aerospace Engineering
Volume 35, Issue 5
Abstract
In this paper, higher-order dynamic mode decomposition (HODMD) was applied to find the main patterns and frequencies of a transient aerodynamic flow field when an aircraft wing experiences stall. This method was applied to a computational flow simulation with a turbulence model based on a hybrid Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes large-eddy simulation (RANS/LES) [commonly known as detached-eddy simulation (DES)], where a combination of two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) flow visualization techniques are used to understand the vortex shedding from the main wing and its interaction with the tailplane. Simulation results were compared to the experimental ones and the results with proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) were compared with the HODMD analysis. The main advantage of HODMD resides in its identification of the main physical phenomena and the most relevant instabilities that lead the fluid dynamics. New flow control strategies can be defined when the underlying physics and the flow dynamics are known. Moreover, HODMD is robust in noisy and turbulent databases using less data than fast Fourier transform (FFT), which gives potential for future flow control applications, focused on improving the aircraft’s efficiency.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
Codes are available on-line at https://data.mendeley.com/datasets/z8ks4f5vy5/1. The data will be shared upon request.
Acknowledgments
A. C. and S. L. C. acknowledge the Grant PID2020-114173RB-I00 funded by MCIN/AEI/ 10.13039/501100011033. A. C. acknowledges the support of Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, under the program Programa Propio.
References
Alexander, M. G., F. K. Harris, M. A. Spoor, S. R. Boyland, T. E. Farrell, and D. M. Raines. 2016. “Active flow control (AFC) and insect accretion and mitigation (IAM) system design and integration on the Boeing 757 ecodemonstrator.” In Proc., 16th AIAA Aviation Technology, Integration, and Operations Conf. Reston, VA: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.
Bennett, C. J., and N. J. Lawson. 2018. “On the development of flight-test equipment in relation to the aircraft spin.” Prog. Aerosp. Sci. 102 (Oct): 47–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paerosci.2018.06.001.
Berkooz, G., P. Holmes, and J. L. Lumley. 1993. “The proper orthogonal decomposition in the analysis of turbulent flows.” Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 25 (1): 539–575. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.25.010193.002543.
Casadei, L., L. Könözsy, and N. J. Lawson. 2019. “Unsteady detached-eddy simulation (DES) of the Jetstream 31 aircraft in one engine inoperative (OEI) condition with propeller modeling.” Aerosp. Sci. Technol. 91 (Aug): 287–300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ast.2019.05.034.
Chatterjee, A. 2000. “An introduction to the proper orthogonal decomposition.” Curr. Sci. 78 (Apr): 808–817.
Chen, H., D. L. Reuss, D. L. Hung, and V. Sick. 2012. “A practical guide for using proper orthogonal decomposition in engine research.” Int. J. Engine Res. 14 (4): 307–319. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468087412455748.
Ciliberti, D., P. D. Vecchia, F. Nicolosi, and A. D. Marco. 2017. “Aircraft directional stability and vertical tail design: A review of semi-empirical methods.” Prog. Aerosp. Sci. 95 (Nov): 140–172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paerosci.2017.11.001.
Cordier, L., and M. Bergmann. 2008. “Proper orthogonal decomposition: An overview.” In Lecture series 2002-04, 2003-03 and 2008-01 on post-processing of experimental and numerical data. Sint-Genesius-Rode, Belgium: Von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics.
Frankhouser, M., K. Hird, S. Naigle, J. W. Gregory, and J. P. Bons. 2015. “Nanosecond dielectric barrier discharge plasma actuator flow control of compressible dynamic stall.” In Proc., 46th AIAA Plasmadynamics and Lasers Conf. Reston, VA: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.
Gardner, A. D., C. C. Wolf, and M. Raffel. 2019. “Review of measurement techniques for unsteady helicopter rotor flows.” Prog. Aerosp. Sci. 111 (Nov): 100566. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paerosci.2019.100566.
Grote, A., and R. Radespiel. 2006. “Studies on tailplane stall for a generic transport aircraft configuration.” In Proc., 44th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit. Reston, VA: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.
Hall, R. M., S. H. Woodson, and J. R. Chambers. 2004. “Overview of the abrupt wing stall program.” Prog. Aerosp. Sci. 40 (Oct): 417–452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paerosci.2004.10.002.
Heinz, S. 2020. “A review of hybrid RANS-LES methods for turbulent flows: Concepts and applications.” Prog. Aerosp. Sci. 114 (Apr): 100597. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paerosci.2019.100597.
Higham, J. E., W. Brevis, and C. J. Keylock. 2016. “A rapid non-iterative proper orthogonal decomposition based outlier detection and correction for PIV data.” Meas. Sci. Technol. 27 (12): 125303.
Hoff, R. I., and G. B. Gratton. 2013. “Spin induced aerodynamic flow conditions on full-scale aeroplane wing and horizontal tail surfaces.” Aeronaut. J. 117 (1198): 1207. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0001924000008824.
Howard, C., S. Gupta, A. Abbas, T. A. Langrish, and D. F. Fletcher. 2017. “Proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) analysis of CFD data for flow in an axisymmetric sudden expansion.” Chem. Eng. Res. Des. 123 (Jul): 333–346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cherd.2017.05.017.
Hu, C., C. Yang, W. Yi, K. Hadzic, L. Xie, R. Zou, and M. Zhou. 2020. “Numerical investigation of centrifugal compressor stall with compressed dynamic mode decomposition.” Aerosp. Sci. Technol. 106 (Nov): 106153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ast.2020.106153.
Jeong, J., and F. Hussain. 1995. “On the identification of a vortex.” J. Fluid Mech. 285 (2): 69–94. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022112095000462.
Lawson, N., H. Jacques, J. Gautrey, A. Cooke, J. Holt, and K. Garry. 2017. “Jetstream 31 national flying laboratory: Lift and drag measurement and modeling.” Aerosp. Sci. Technol. 60 (Nov): 84–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ast.2016.11.001.
Le Clainche, S., Z. H. Han, and E. Ferrer. 2019. “An alternative method to study cross-flow instabilities based on high order dynamic mode decomposition.” Phys. Fluids 31 (1): 094101. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5110697.
Le Clainche, S., D. Izbassarov, M. Rosti, L. Brandt, and O. Tammisola. 2020. “Coherent structures in the turbulent channel flow of an elastoviscoplastic fluid.” J. Fluid Mech. 888 (Apr): 12. https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2020.31.
Le Clainche, S., F. Sastre, J. M. Vega, and A. Velazquez. 2017a. “Higher order dynamic mode decomposition applied to post-process a limited amount of noisy PIV data.” In Proc., 47th AIAA Fluid Dynamics Conf. Reston, VA: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.
Le Clainche, S., and J. M. Vega. 2017b. “Higher order dynamic mode decomposition.” SIAM J. Appl. Dyn. Syst. 16 (2): 882–925. https://doi.org/10.1137/15M1054924.
Le Clainche, S., and J. M. Vega. 2017c. “Higher order dynamic mode decomposition to identify and extrapolate flow patterns.” Phys. Fluids 29 (1): 084102. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4997206.
Le Clainche, S., J. M. Vega, and J. Soria. 2017d. “Higher order dynamic mode decomposition of noisy experimental data: The flow structure of a zero-net-mass-flux jet.” Exp. Therm Fluid Sci. 88 (Nov): 336–353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2017.06.011.
Lumley, J. L. 1967. “The structure of inhomogeneus turbulent flows.” In Atmospheric turbulence and radio wave propagation, 166–177. New York: IEEE.
Lutz, T., P. P. Gansel, A. Waldmann, D. M. Zimmermann, and S. S. A. Hülse. 2015. “Time-resolved prediction and measurement of the wake past the CRM at high Reynolds number stall conditions.” In Proc., 53rd AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting. Reston, VA: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.
Lutz, T., P. P. Gansel, A. Waldmann, D. M. Zimmermann, and S. S. A. Hülse. 2016. “Prediction and measurement of the common research model wake at stall conditions.” J. Aircr. 53 (Sep): 501–514. https://doi.org/10.2514/1.C033351.
Mallik, W., and D. E. Raveh. 2020. “Aerodynamic damping investigations of light dynamic stall on a pitching airfoil via modal analysis.” J. Fluids Struct. 98 (2): 103111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfluidstructs.2020.103111.
Mendez, C., S. Le Clainche, R. Moreno-Ramos, and J. M. Vega. 2021. “A new automatic, very efficient method for the analysis of flight flutter testing data.” Aerosp. Sci. Technol. 114 (Jul): 106749. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ast.2021.106749.
Menter, F., and M. Kuntz. 2003. A zonal SST-DES formulation. Berlin: Springer.
Menter, F. R. 1994. “Two-equation eddy-viscosity turbulence models for engineering applications.” AIAA J. 32 (3): 1598–1605. https://doi.org/10.2514/3.12149.
Mohan, A. T., M. R. Visbal, and D. V. Gaitonde. 2015. Model reduction and analysis of deep dynamic stall on a plunging airfoil using dynamic mode decomposition. Reston, VA: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.
Neves, A. F., N. J. Lawson, C. J. Bennett, B. Khanal, and R. I. Hoff. 2020. “Unsteady aerodynamics analysis and modelling of a Slingsby Firefly aircraft: Detached-eddy simulation model and flight test validation.” Aerosp. Sci. Technol. 106 (Nov): 106179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ast.2020.106179.
Nichols, R. H. 2006. “Comparison of hybrid turbulence models for a circular cylinder and a cavity.” AIAA J. 44 (1): 1207–1219. https://doi.org/10.2514/1.17016.
Okonkwo, P., and H. Smith. 2016. “Review of evolving trends in blended wing body aircraft design.” Prog. Aerosp. Sci. 82 (Sep): 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paerosci.2015.12.002.
Phillips, W. F. 2010. Mechanics of flight. 2nd ed. New York: Wiley.
Rao, D. V., and T. H. Go. 2019. “Optimization of aircraft spin recovery maneuvers.” Aerosp. Sci. Technol. 90 (Apr): 222–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ast.2019.04.046.
Raymer, D. P. 1999. Aircraft design: A conceptual approach. 3rd ed. Reston, VA: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.
Rizzi, A., P. Eliasson, C. McFarlane, T. Goetzendorf-Grabowski, and J. Vos. 2010. “Virtual-aircraft design & control of transcruiser—A canard configuration.” In Proc., AIAA Atmospheric Flight Mechanics Conf. 2010. Reston, VA: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.
Rona, A., and E. J. Brooksbank. 2003. “Pod analysis of cavity flow instability.” In Proc., 41st Aerospace Sciences Meetings and Exhibit. Reston, VA: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.
Sinha, N., S. M. Dash, N. Chidambaram, and D. Findlay. 1998. “A perspective on the simulation of cavity aeroacoustics.” In Proc., 36th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit. Reston, VA: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.
Sirovich, L. 1987. “Turbulence and the dynamics of coherent structures. II. Symmetries and transformations.” Q. Appl. Math. 45 (9): 573–582. https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/910463.
Spalart, P. 2001. Young-person’s guide to detached-eddy simulation grids. Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
Spalart, P., and S. Allmaras. 1997. “Comments on the feasibility of les for wings, and on a hybrid rans/les approach.” In Proc., 1st AFOSR Int. Conf. on DNS/LES. Arlington, VA: Air Force Office of Scientific Research.
Spalart, P. R., S. Deck, M. L. Shur, K. D. Squires, M. K. Strelets, and A. Travin. 2006. “A new version of detached-eddy simulation, resistant to ambiguous grid densities.” Theor. Comput. Fluid Dyn. 20 (5): 181–195. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00162-006-0015-0.
Teng, T., T. S. Zhang, S. F. Liu, and P. R. Grant. 2015. “Representative post-stall modeling of t-tail regional jet and turboprop aircraft for flight training simulator.” In Proc., AIAA Modelling and Simulation Technologies Conf. Reston, VA: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.
Teng, T. T., T. S. Zhang, and P. R. Grant. 2016. “Semi-analytical and empirical approaches to aircraft configuration effects on post-stall aerodynamics.” In Proc., AIAA Atmospheric Flight Mechanics Conf. Reston, VA: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.
Vega, J. M., and S. Le Clainche. 2021. Higher order dynamic mode decomposition and its applications. Cambridge, MA: Academic.
Wang, L., and S. Fu. 2017. “Detached-eddy simulation of flow past a pitching NACA 0015 airfoil with pulsed actuation.” Aerosp. Sci. Technol. 69 (6): 123–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ast.2017.06.002.
Zhou, L., Z. Gao, and Y. Du. 2019a. “Flow-dependent DDES/ coupling model for the simulation of separated transitional flow.” Aerosp. Sci. Technol. 87 (Apr): 389–403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ast.2019.02.037.
Zhou, T., E. Dowell, and S. Feng. 2019b. “Computational investigation of wind tunnel wall effects on buffeting flow and lock-in for an airfoil at high angle of attack.” Aerosp. Sci. Technol. 95 (Dec): 105492. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ast.2019.105492.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Aerospace Engineering
Volume 35 • Issue 5 • September 2022
Copyright
© 2022 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Nov 20, 2021
Accepted: Apr 4, 2022
Published online: Jun 2, 2022
Published in print: Sep 1, 2022
Discussion open until: Nov 2, 2022
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.
Cited by
- Wenguo Luo, Yang Tao, Jianfeng Zhu, Yancheng You, Evolution Characteristics Analysis of Supersonic Inlet Buzz with High-Order Dynamic Mode Decomposition Method, Journal of Aerospace Engineering, 10.1061/JAEEEZ.ASENG-5388, 37, 3, (2024).
- Adrián Corrochano, Giuseppe D’Alessio, Alessandro Parente, Soledad Le Clainche, Higher order dynamic mode decomposition to model reacting flows, International Journal of Mechanical Sciences, 10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2023.108219, 249, (108219), (2023).
- Nicholas J. Lawson, Simon G. Davies, Bidur Khanal, Rein I. Hoff, Wake-Tailplane Interaction of a Slingsby Firefly Aircraft, Aerospace, 10.3390/aerospace9120787, 9, 12, (787), (2022).