Structuration and Destructuration Behavior of Cement-Treated Singapore Marine Clay
Publication: Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
Volume 135, Issue 4
Abstract
This paper examines the structuration and destructuration characteristics of cement-treated Singapore marine clay and their relation to the observed microstructural behavior. The pozzolanic reaction is found to be very significant up to curing periods of , and thus the unconfined compressive strength increases notably leading to the formation of more structured treated clay. Due to the effect of structuration (existing of cementation bond), the yield stress increases resulting in an expansion of the yield surface and failure envelope under compression and shearing. The microstructural observation of treated clay structure at various stress levels from one-dimensional consolidation shows that destructuration (breaking of cementation bond) is progressive; the largest intercluster voids being the first affected. As the consolidation proceeds, both inter and intracluster voids are affected. Consolidated undrained triaxial results reveal that complete destructuration only takes place on the shear plane at which the clay–cement cluster crushes.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
Balasubramaniam, A. S., Kamruzzaman, A. H. M., Uddin, K., Lin, D. G., Phienwij, N., and Bergado, D. T. (1998). “Chemical stabilization of Bangkok clay with cement, lime and flyash additives.” Proc., 13th Southeast Asian Geotechnical Conf., Southeast Asia Geotechnical Society (SEAGS), Thailand, 253–258.
Balasubramaniam, A. S., Lin, D. G., Sharma, S. S., Kamruzzaman, A. H. M., Uddin, K., and Bergado, D. T. (1999). “Behavior of soft Bangkok clay treated with additives.” Proc., 11th Asian Regional Conf. on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Balkema, The Netherlands, 11–14.
Bergado, D. T., and Lorenzo, G. A. (2005). “Economical mixing method for cement deep mixing.” Geotech. Spec. Publ., 136, 1–10.
Brown, G. (1961). The x-ray identification and crystal structures of clay mineral, Mineralogical Society (Clay Minerals Group), London.
Burland, J. B. (1990). “On the compressibility and shear strength of natural soils.” Geotechnique, 40(3), 329–378.
Chew, S. H., Kamruzzaman, A. H. M., and Lee, F. H. (2004). “Physico-chemical and engineering behavior of cement treated clays.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 130(7), 696–706.
Clayton, C. R. I., Khatrush, S. A., Bica, A. V. D., and Siddique, A. (1989). “The use of Hall effect semiconductors in geotechnical instrumentation.” Geotech. Test. J., 12(1), 69–76.
Clough, G. W., Sitar, N., Bachus, R. C., and Rad, N. S. (1981). “Cemented sands under static loading.” J. Geotech. Engrg. Div., 107(6), 799–817.
Cokca, E. (2001). “Use of Class C flyashes for the stabilization of an expansive soil.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 127(7), 568–573.
Coop, M. R. (1990). “The mechanics of uncemented carbonate sands.” Geotechnique, 40(4), 607–626.
Cuccovillo, T., and Coop, M. R. (1999). “On the mechanics of structured sands.” Geotechnique, 49(6), 741–760.
Futaki, M., Nakano, K., and Hagino, Y. (1996). “Design strength of soil cement columns as foundation ground for structures.” Proc., 2nd Int. Conf. on Ground Improvement Geosystems, Grouting and Deep Mixing, Balkema, The Netherlands, 481–484.
Huang, J. T., and Airey, D. W. (1998). “Properties of artificially cemented carbonate sand.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 124(6), 492–499.
Holtz, R. D., and Kovacs, W. D. (2002). An introduction to geotechnical engineering, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J.
JCPDS. (1995). Index to the Powder Diffraction File, International Center for Diffraction Data, Philadelphia, Pa.
Kamruzzaman, A. H. M. (1998). “Chemical stabilization of Bangkok Clay–Addition of salts and other additives.” MEng thesis, GE-97-15, Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand.
Lerouiel, S., and Vaughan, P. R. (1990). “The general and congruent effects of structure in natural soils and weak rock.” Geotechnique, 40(3), 467–488.
Liu, M. D., and Carter, J. P. (1999). “Virgin compression of structured soils.” Geotechnique, 49(1), 43–57.
Locat, J., Berube, M. A., and Choquette, M. (1990). “Laboratory investigations on the lime stabilization of sensitive clays: Shear strength development.” Can. Geotech. J., 27(3), 294–304.
Mitchell, J. K. (1981). “Soil improvement—State of the art report.” Proc., 10th Int. Conf. on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Vol. 4, Balkema, The Netherlands, 509–565.
Mitchell, J. K. (1992). Fundamentals of soil behavior, 2nd Ed., Wiley, New York.
Miura, N., Horpibulsuk, S., and Nagaraj, T. S. (2001). “Engineering behavior of cement stabilized clay at high water content.” Soils Found., 41(5), 33–45.
O’Rourke, T. D., MacGinn, A. J., Dewsnap, J., and Stewart, H. E. (1998). “Case history of an excavation stabilized by deep mixing methods.” Proc. Design and Construction of Earth Retaining Systems, ASCE, Reston, Va, 41–62.
Pierce, J. W., and Siegel, F. R. (1969). “Quantification in clay mineral studies of sediments and sedimentary rocks.” J. Sediment. Petrol., 39(1), 187–193.
Porbaha, A., Shibuya, S., and Kishida, T. (2000). “State of the art in deep mixing technology. Part III: Geomaterial characterization.” Ground Improv., 4(3), 91–110.
Rao, S. N., and Rajasekaran, G. (1996). “Reaction products formed in lime-stabilized marine clays.” J. Geotech. Engrg., 122(5), 329–336.
Saxena, S. K., and Lastrico, R. M. (1978). “Static properties of lightly cemented sand.” J. Geotech. Engrg. Div., 104(12), 1449–1463.
Tan, T. S., Phoon, K. K., Lee, F. H., Tanaka, H., Locat, J., and Chong, P. T. (2003). “A characterization study of Singapore lower marine clay.” Proc., Int. Conf. on Characterization and Engineering Properties of Natural Soils, Tan et al., eds., Singapore.
Tatsuoka, F., Uchida, K., Imai, K., Ouchi, T., and Kohata, Y. (1997). “Properties of cement treated soil in Trans-Tokyo Bay highway project.” Ground Improv., 1(1), 37–57.
Tremblay, H., Leroueil, S., and Locat, J. (2001). “Mechanical improvement and vertical yield stress prediction of clayey soils from eastern Canada treated with lime or cement.” Can. Geotech. J., 38(3), 567–579.
Uddin, K., Balasubramaniam, A. S., and Bergado, D. T. (1997). “Engineering behavior of cement—Treated Bangkok soft clay.” Geotech. Eng., 28(1), 89–119.
Yin, J. H., and Lai, C. K. (1998). “Strength and stiffness of Hong Kong marine deposits mixed with cement.” Geotech. Eng., 29(1), 29–44.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
Volume 135 • Issue 4 • April 2009
Pages: 573 - 589
Copyright
© 2009 ASCE.
History
Received: Jan 10, 2006
Accepted: Sep 11, 2008
Published online: Apr 1, 2009
Published in print: Apr 2009
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.