Short-Term Electrical Conductivity and Strength Development of Lime Kiln Dust Modified Soils
Publication: Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
Volume 135, Issue 4
Abstract
Lime kiln dust (LKD) is used for modifying pavement subgrades to expedite construction on wet clayey soils. This paper describes the short-term development (typically, over the first ) of electrical conductivity and penetration resistance of LKD-modified soils. The normalized net change of electrical conductivity is solely related to the LKD dosage. The decrease of electrical conductivity with time coincides with the increase of penetration resistance with time. The correlations of electrical conductivity with strength gain in LKD and lime-modified soils suggest that electrical conductivity measurements can potentially be useful for quality control in field applications.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
This work (Project: UNSPECIFIEDSPR 2850) was supported by the Joint Transportation Research Program administered by the Indiana Department of Transportation and Purdue University. The contents of this paper reflect the views of the writers, who are responsible for the facts and the accuracy of the data presented herein, and do not necessarily reflect the official views or policies of the Federal Highway Administration and the Indiana Department of Transportation, nor do the contents constitute a standard, specification, or regulation. The writers are grateful to the Federal Highway Administration/Indiana Department of Transportation/Joint Transportation Research Project for supporting this research. The writers appreciate the input of the Study Advisory Committee members: Nayyar Zia Siddiqui, P.A; Ron Heustis, Greg Pankow (INDOT); Mark Behrens (Schneider Corp.); Doug McPherson (Mt. Carmel Sand and Gravel); and Val Straumins (FHWA). The writers acknowledge the assistance provided by Janet Lovell (Lab Manager), Adam Prochaska, Joon Ho Hwang, and Uma Shankar Balunaini in this research. The first writer gratefully acknowledges research funding from the Board of Pao’s Scholarship for Chinese Students to Study Abroad and Chinese Natural Science Foundation (Project Nos. NSFC50878193 and NSFC50538080).
References
AASHTO. (2004). “Standard specification for classification of soils and soil-aggregate, mixtures for highway construction purposes.” M145-91, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, ⟨www.aashto.org⟩.
ASTM. (1999). “Standard test method for using pH to estimate the soil-lime proportion requirement for soil stabilization.” D 6276-99, ASTM Int., ⟨www.astm.org⟩.
ASTM. (2000a). “Standard practice for classification of soils for engineering purposes (Unified Soil Classification System).” D 2487-00, ASTM Int., West Conshohocken, Pa., ⟨www.astm.org⟩.
ASTM. (2000b). “Standard test method for laboratory compaction characteristics of soil using standard effort [ ].” D 698-00a, ASTM Int., West Conshohocken, Pa., ⟨www.astm.org⟩.
ASTM. (2000c). “Standard test methods for liquid limit, plastic limit, and plasticity index of soils.” D 4318-00, ASTM Int., West Conshohocken, Pa., ⟨www.astm.org⟩.
ASTM. (2001). “Standard test method for pH of soils.” D 4972-01, ASTM Int., West Conshohocken, Pa., ⟨www.astm.org⟩.
ASTM. (2002). “Standard test method for particle-size analysis of soils.” D 422-63, ASTM Int., West Conshohocken, Pa., ⟨www.astm.org⟩.
ASTM. (2005a). “Standard test method for time of setting of concrete mixtures by penetration resistance.” C 403-05, ASTM Int., ⟨www.astm.org⟩.
ASTM. (2005b). “Standard test method for water content and density of soil in place by time domain reflectrometry (TDR).” D 6780-05, ASTM Int., West Conshohocken, Pa., ⟨www.astm.org⟩.
Basma, A. A., and Tuncer, E. R. (1991). “Effect of lime on volume change and compressibility of expansive clays.” Transportation Research Record. 1295, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 52–61.
Bell, F. G. (1996). “Lime stabilization of clay minerals and soils.” Eng. Geol. (Amsterdam), 42(4), 223–227.
Benson, C. H., and Bosscher, P. J. (1999). “Time-domain reflectrometry (TDR) in geotechnics: A review, nondestructive, and automated testing for soil and rock properties.” ASTM Special Technical Publication No. 1350, 113–136.
Bhattacharja, S. B., Javed, I., and Todres, H. A. (2003). “Stabilization of clay soils by portland cement or lime—A critical review of literature.” PCA R&D Serial No. 2066, Portland Cement Association, Skokie, Ill.
Biczysko, S. J. (1996). “Long-term performance of lime stabilized road subgrade.” Lime stabilization, Thomas Telford Publisher, London.
Boardman, D. I., Glendinning, S., Rogers, C. D. F., and Holt, C. C. (2001). “In situ monitoring of lime-stabilized road subgrade.” Transportation Research Record. 1757, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 3–13.
Daita, R. K., Drnevich, V. P., and Kim, D. H. (2005). “Family of compaction curves for chemically modified soils.” FHWA/IN/JTRP-2005/7, Purdue Univ., West Lafayette, Ind.
Daita, R. K., Drnevich, V. P., Kim, D., and Chen, R. P. (2006). “Assessing the quality of soils modified with lime kiln dust measuring electrical conductivity with time domain reflectometry.” Transportation Research Record. 1952, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 101–109.
Dallinger, T. E. (2006). “Geometric and temperature effects on time domain reflectometry measurements in soils.” MS thesis, Purdue Univ.
Diamond, S., and Kinter, E. B. (1965). “Mechanisms of soil-lime stabilization: An interpretive review.” Highw. Res. Rec., 92, 83–102.
Drnevich, V. P., Zambrano, C. E., Huang, P.-T., and Jung, S. (2007). “TDR technologies for soil identification and properties.” Proc., 7th Int. Symp. on Field Measurements in Geomechanics, FMGM 2007, ASCE, 1–11.
Kim, D. H., and Siddiki, N. Z. (2004). “Lime kiln dust and lime—A comparative study in Indiana.” Presented at 83rd TRB Annual Meeting, Washington, D.C.
Little, D. N. (1996). “Assessment of in situ structural properties of lime-stabilized clay subgrades.” Transportation Research Record. 1546, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 13–23.
Little, D. N. (1999). Evaluation of structural properties of lime stabilized soils and aggregates, National Lime Association, Arlington, Va.
Robarge, W. P., and Johnson, D. W. (1992). “The effects of acidic deposition on forested soils.” Advances in Agronomy, 47, 1–83.
USDA. (1990). “Agricultural salinity assessment and management.” ASCE Manuals and reports on engineering practice No. 71, K. K. Tanji, ed., ASCE.
Yu, X., and Drnevich, V. P. (2004a). “Time domain reflectrometry for compaction control of stabilized soils.” Transportation Research Record. 1868, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 14–22.
Yu, X., and Drnevich, V. P. (2004b). “Soil water content and dry density by time domain reflectometry.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 130(9), 922–934.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
Volume 135 • Issue 4 • April 2009
Pages: 590 - 594
Copyright
© 2009 ASCE.
History
Received: Jun 9, 2007
Accepted: Jul 21, 2008
Published online: Apr 1, 2009
Published in print: Apr 2009
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.