Nonlinear Response of Deep Immersed Tunnel to Strong Seismic Shaking
Publication: Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
Volume 133, Issue 9
Abstract
Critical for the seismic safety of immersed tunnels is the magnitude of deformations developing in the segment joints, as a result of the combined longitudinal and lateral vibrations. Analysis and design against such vibrations is the main focus of this paper, with reference to a proposed -deep immersed tunnel in a highly seismic region, in Greece. The multisegment tunnel is modeled as a beam connected to the ground through properly calibrated interaction springs, dashpots, and sliders. Actual records of significant directivity-affected ground motions, downscaled to 0.24 peak acceleration, form the basis of the basement excitation. Free-field acceleration time histories are computed from these records through one-dimensional wave propagation equivalent-linear and nonlinear analyses of parametrically different soil profiles along the tunnel; they are then applied as excitation at the support of the springs, with a suitable time lag to conservatively approximate wave passage effects. The joints between the tunnel segments are modeled realistically with special nonlinear hyperelastic elements, while their longitudinal prestressing due to the great water pressure is also considered. Nonlinear dynamic transient analysis of the tunnel is performed without ignoring the inertia of the thick-walled tunnel, and the influence of segment length and joint properties is investigated parametrically. It is shown that despite ground excitation with acceleration levels exceeding 0.50 and velocity of about at the base of the tunnel, net tension and excessive compression between the segments can be avoided with a suitable design of joint gaskets and a selection of relatively small segment lengths. Although this research was prompted by the needs of a specific project, the dynamic analysis methods, the proposed design concepts, and many of the conclusions of the study are sufficiently general and may apply in other immersed tunneling projects.
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Acknowledgments
The writers would like to acknowledge the financing of this research project by the Greek Railway Organization. The third writer (V. D.) would also like to acknowledge the State Scholarships Foundation of Greece (IKY) for financial support. We also thank Hans van Italie, Hendrik Postma, Gerard H. van Raalte, P. van der Burg, and Royal Boskalis S.A. for kindly offering their comments and suggestions on construction-related issues. Our “computational” belief on the feasibility of the project was greatly enhanced by their real life experience. Finally, the writers would also like to acknowledge the anonymous reviewers who played a significant role in shaping and improving the manuscript.
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Published In
Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
Volume 133 • Issue 9 • September 2007
Pages: 1067 - 1090
Copyright
© 2007 ASCE.
History
Received: Jun 7, 2005
Accepted: Mar 5, 2007
Published online: Sep 1, 2007
Published in print: Sep 2007
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