Turbulence Modeling for Gust Loading
Publication: Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 113, Issue 7
Abstract
This paper presents the analytical models most in use at present for the description of the structure of turbulence in the surface atmospheric boundary layer. The study gives maximum prominence to the degree of uncertainty involved in these models, showing that a detailed forecast of the configuration of turbulence is very often fallacious. In the light of this consideration, two straightforward expressions of the power spectrum and of the coherence function are proposed that are particularly apt for the evaluation of the actions of wind on constructions such as buildings, towers, and chimneys. The use of each of these equations calls for the assignment of only one parameter, the best choice and the variability field of which are discussed.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
1.
Batchelor, G. K. (1953). The theory of homogeneous turbulence. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England.
2.
Berman, S. (1965). “Estimating the longitudinal wind spectrum near ground.” Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 91, 302–317.
3.
Berman, S., and Stearns, C. R. (1977). “Near‐earth turbulence and coherence measurements at Aberdeen proving ground.” Bound. Layer Meteorol., 11, 485–506.
4.
Bretry, J., Sacré, C., and Simiu, E. (1978). “Mean wind profiles and change of terrain roughness.” J. Struct. Div., ASCE, 104(10), 1585–1593.
5.
Bowen, A. J., Way, K. G., and Panofsky, H. A. (1983). “Vertical coherence and phase delay between wind components in strong winds below 20 m.” Bound. Layer Meteorol., 26, 313–324.
6.
Brook, R. R. (1975). “A note on vertical coherence of wind measured in an urban boundary layer.” Bound. Layer Meteorol., 9, 11–20.
7.
Counihan, J. (1975). “Adiabatic atmospheric boundary layers: a review and analysis of data from the period 1880–1972.” Atmos. Envir., 9, 871–905.
8.
Chuen, C. C. E. (1971). “Correlation and spectral functions of atmospheric turbulence.” Proc., Int. Conf. on Wind Effects on Buildings and Structures, Tokyo, Japan, 45–55.
9.
Davenport, A. G. (1961). “The spectrum of horizontal gustiness near the ground in high winds.” Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 87, 194–211.
10.
Davenport, A. G. (1963). “The relationship of wind structure to wind loading.” Proc., Symp. on Wind Effects on Buildings and Structures, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, U.K., 1, 54–102.
11.
Davenport, A. G. (1967). “The dependence of wind loads on meteorological parameters.” Proc., Int. Res. Sem. on Wind Effects on Buildings and Structures) Ottawa, Canada, 19–82.
12.
Deardoff, J. W. (1970). “A three‐dimensional numerical investigation of the idealized planetary boundary layer.” Geoph. Fluid Dyn., 1, 377–410.
13.
Deaves, D. M. (1981a). “Computation of wind flow over changes in surface roughness.” J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod., 7, 65–94.
14.
Deaves, D. M. (1981b). “Terrain‐dependence of longitudinal R.M.S. velocities in the neutral atmosphere.” J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod., 8, 259–274.
15.
Deaves, D. M., and Harris, R. I. (1978). “A mathematical model of the structure of strong winds.” CIRIA Report 76, Construction Industry Research and Information Association, London, U.K.
16.
Duchêne‐Marullaz, P. (1975). “Full‐scale measurements of atmospheric turbulence in a suburban area.” Proc., Fourth Int. Conf. on Wind Effects on Buildings and Other Structures, London, U.K., 23–31.
17.
Duchêne‐Marullaz, P. (1979). “Effect of high roughness on characteristics of turbulence in cases of strong winds.” Proc., Fifth Int. Conf. on Wind Engineering, Fort Collins, Colo., 179–193.
18.
Engineering Sciences Data Unit (1974). “Characteristics of atmospheric turbulence near the ground. Part II: Single point data for strong winds (neutral atmosphere).” ESDU 74031, ESDU, London, U.K.
19.
Engineering Sciences Data Unit (1975). “Characteristics of atmospheric turbulence near the ground. Part III: variations in space and time for strong winds (neutral atmosphere).” ESDU 75001, ESDU, London, U.K.
20.
Engineering Sciences Data Unit (1983). “Strong winds in the atmospheric boundary layer. Part 2: Discrete gust speeds.” ESDU 83045, ESDU, London, U.K.
21.
Engineering Sciences Data Unit (1985a). “Computer program for wind speeds and longitudinal turbulence intensity. Flat or hilly sites in terrain with roughness changes.” ESDU 85003, ESDU, London, U.K.
22.
Engineering Sciences Data Unit (1985b). “Characteristics of atmospheric turbulence near the ground. Part II: Single point data for strong winds (neutral atmosphere).” ESDU 85020, ESDU, London, U.K.
23.
Engineering Sciences Data Unit (1986). “Characteristics of atmospheric turbulence near the ground. Part III: Variation in Space and time for strong winds (neutral atmosphere). ESDU 86010, ESDU, London, U.K.
24.
Fichtl, G. E., and McVehil, G. E. (1970). “Longitudinal and lateral spectra of turbulence in the atmospheric boundary layer at the Kennedy Space Center.” J. Appl. Meteorol., 9, 51–63.
25.
Flay, R. G. J., Stevenson, D. C., and Lindley, D. (1982). “Wind structure in a rural atmospheric boundary layer near the ground.” J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod., 10, 63–78.
26.
Harris, R. I. (1970). “The nature of the wind.” Proc., Sem. on the Modern Design of Wind Sensitive Structures, Inst. Civ. Engrs., London, U.K., 29–55.
27.
Harris, R. I., and Deaves, D. M. (1980). “The structure of strong winds.” Proc., CIRIA Conf. on Wind Engineering in the Eighties, London, U.K.
28.
Hino, M. (1971). “Spectrum of gusty wind.” Proc., Third Int. Conf. on Wind Effects on Buildings and Structures, Tokyo, Japan, 69–77.
29.
Hino, M. (1972). “Theoretical argument on turbulent structure of gusty wind.” Proc. Jap. Soc. Civ. Eng., 202, 115–118.
30.
Irwin, H. P. A. H. (1979). “Cross‐spectra of turbulence velocities in isotropic turbulence.” Bound. Layer Meteorol., 16, 237–243.
31.
Iwatani, Y. (1977). “Some features of the spatial structures of the surface layer turbulence in the high wind condition.” J. Meterol. Soc. Jap., 55, 130–137.
32.
Kaimal, J. C., Wyngaard, J. C., Izumi, Y., and Cotè, O. R. (1972). “Spectral characteristics of surface layer turbulence.” Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 98, 563–589.
33.
Kanda, J., and Royles, R. (1978). “Further consideration on the height dependence of root‐coherence in the natural wind.” Build. Envir., 13, 175–184.
34.
Kareem, A. (1985). “Wind induced response analysis of tension leg platforms.” J. Struct. Eng., ASCE, 111(1), 37–55.
35.
Karman, T. Von, (1948). “Progress in the statistical theory of turbulence.” Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA, 34(11), 530–539.
36.
Kolmogorov, A. N. (1941). “Energy dissipation in locally isotropic turbulence.” Dokl. Akad. Nank SSR, 32(1), 19–21.
37.
Kristensen, L., and Jensen, N. O. (1979). “Lateral coherence in isotropic turbulence and in natural wind.” Bound. Lay. Meteorol., 17, 353–373.
38.
Kristensen, L., Panofsky, H. A., and Smith, S. D. (1981). “Lateral coherence of longitudinal wind components in strong winds.” Bound. Lay. Meteorol., 21, 199–205.
39.
Lumley, J. L., and Panofsky, H. A. (1964). The structure of atmospheric turbulence. John Wiley and Sons, New York, N.Y.
40.
Maeda, J., and Adachi, K. (1983). “On the spatial structures of longitudinal wind velocities near the ground in strong winds.” J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod., 15, 197–207.
41.
Monin, A. S., and Yaglom, A. M. (1971). Statistical fluid mechanics: mechanics of turbulence. MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass.
42.
Naito, G. (1978). “Direct measurements of momentum and sensible heat fluxes at the tower in the open sea.” J. Meteorol. Soc. Jap., 56, 25–33.
43.
Naito, G. (1983). “Spatial structure of surface wind over the ocean.” J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod., 13, 67–76.
44.
Naito, G., and Kondo, J. (1974). “Spatial structure of fluctuating components of the horizontal wind speed above the ocean,” J. Meteorol. Soc. Jap., 52, 391–399.
45.
Neal, D. (1982). “Full scale measurements of the wind regime over a saddle and correlation with wind tunnel tests.” Bound. Lay. Meteorol., 22, 351–371.
46.
Olesen, H. R., Larsen, S. E., and Hojstrup, J. (1984). “Modelling velocity spectra in the lower part of the planetary boundary layer.” Bound. Lay. Meteorol., 29, 285–312.
47.
Panofsky, H. A., and Singer, I. A. (1964). “Vertical structure of turbulence.” Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 91, 339–344.
48.
Pielke, R. A., and Panofsky, H. A. (1970). “Turbulence characteristics along several towers.” Bound. Lay. Meteorol, 1, 115–130.
49.
Powell, D. C., and Elderkin, C. E. (1974). “An investigation of the application of Taylor's hypothesis to atmospheric boundary layer turbulence.” J. Atmos. Sci., 31, 990–1002.
50.
Ropelewsky, C. F., Tennekes, H., and Panofsky, H. A. (1973). “Horizontal coherence of wind fluctuations.” Bound. Lay. Meteorol., 5, 353–363.
51.
Shiotani, M. (1975). “Turbulence measurements at the sea coast during high winds.” J. Meteorol. Soc. Jap., 53, 340–354.
52.
Shiotani, M., and Arai, H. (1967). “Lateral structures of gusts in high winds.” Proc., Int. Res. Sem. on Wind Effects on Buildings and Structures, Ottawa, Canada, 535–555.
53.
Shiotani, M., and Iwatani, Y. (1971). “Correlations of wind velocities in relation to the gust loadings.” Proc., Third Int. Conf. on Wind Effects on Buildings and Structures, Tokyo, Japan, 57–67.
54.
Shiotani, M., and Iwatani, Y. (1976). “Horizontal space correlations of velocity fluctuations during strong winds.” J. Meteorol. Soc. Jap., 54, 59–66.
55.
Shiotani, M., and Iwatani, Y. (1978). “A study of two point correlation during strong winds.” Proc., Third Coll. on Industrial Aerodynamics, Aachen, West Germany, 43–54.
56.
Simiu, E. (1974). “Wind spectra and dynamic alongwind response.” J. Struct. Div., ASCE, 100(9), 1897–1910.
57.
Simiu, E., and Leigh, S. D. (1984). “Turbulent wind and tension leg platform surge.” J. Struct. Eng., ASCE, 110(4), 785–802.
58.
Smith, S. D. (1980). “Wind stress and heat flux over the ocean in gale force winds.” J. Phys. Ocean., 10, 709–726.
59.
Soucy, R., Woodward, R., and Panofsky, H. A. (1982). “Vertical cross‐spectra of horizontal velocity components at the Boulder Observatory.” Bound. Lay. Meteorol, 24, 57–66.
60.
Tennekes, H., and Lumley, J. L. (1972). A first course in turbulence. MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass.
61.
Teunissen, H. W. (1970). “Characteristics of the mean wind and turbulence in the planetary boundary layer.” UTIAS 32, Institute for Aerospace Studies, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
62.
Teunissen, H. W. (1980). “Structure of mean winds and turbulence in the planetary boundary layer over rural terrain.” Bound. Lay. Meteorol., 19, 187–221.
63.
Tieleman, H. W., and Mullins, S. E. (1978). “Atmospheric turbulence below 75 m in the convective boundary layer (strong wind conditions).” Proc., Third Coll. on Industrial Aerodynamics, Aachen, West Germany, 1–23.
64.
Vickery, B. J. (1970). “On the reliability of gust loading factors.” Proc., Techn. Meet. Concerning Wind Loads on Buildings and Structures, Building Science Series 30, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.C., 93–104.
65.
Vickery, B. J., and Davenport, A. G. (1967). “A comparison of theoretical and experimental determination of the response of elastic structures to turbulent flow.” Proc. Int., Res. Sem. on Wind Effects on Buildings and Structures, Ottawa, Canada, 705–738.
66.
Wyngaard, J. C., Cotè, O. R., and Rao, K. S. (1974). “Modeling the atmospheric boundary layer.” Advances in Geophysics, Academic Press, 18A, 193–211.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
Copyright © 1987 ASCE.
History
Published online: Jul 1, 1987
Published in print: Jul 1987
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.