Satellite-Based Energy Balance for Mapping Evapotranspiration with Internalized Calibration (METRIC)—Model
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Volume 133, Issue 4
Abstract
Mapping evapotranspiration at high resolution with internalized calibration (METRIC) is a satellite-based image-processing model for calculating evapotranspiration (ET) as a residual of the surface energy balance. METRIC uses as its foundation the pioneering SEBAL energy balance process developed in The Netherlands by Bastiaanssen, where the near-surface temperature gradients are an indexed function of radiometric surface temperature, thereby eliminating the need for absolutely accurate surface temperature and the need for air-temperature measurements. The surface energy balance is internally calibrated using ground-based reference ET to reduce computational biases inherent to remote sensing-based energy balance and to provide congruency with traditional methods for ET. Slope and aspect functions and temperature lapsing are used in applications in mountainous terrain. METRIC algorithms are designed for relatively routine application by trained engineers and other technical professionals who possess a familiarity with energy balance and basic radiation physics. The primary inputs for the model are short-wave and long-wave (thermal) images from a satellite (e.g., Landsat and MODIS), a digital elevation model and ground-based weather data measured within or near the area of interest. ET “maps” (i.e., images) via METRIC provide the means to quantify ET on a field-by-field basis in terms of both the rate and spatial distribution. METRIC has some significant advantages over many traditional applications of satellite-based energy balance in that its calibration is made using reference ET, rather than the evaporative fraction. The use of reference ET for the extrapolation of instantaneous ET from periods of and longer compensates for regional advection effects by not tying the evaporative fraction to net radiation, since ET can exceed daily net radiation in many arid or semi-arid locations. METRIC has some significant advantages over conventional methods of estimating ET from crop coefficient curves in that neither the crop development stages, nor the specific crop type need to be known with METRIC. In addition, energy balance can detect reduced ET caused by water shortage.
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Acknowledgments
The writers acknowledge the long-term lysimeter data collection by Dr. James L. Wright, USDA-ARS, Kimberly, Idaho, that provided the means for comparing ET measurements with ET estimated by METRIC, and for confirming the relative constancy of during daylight hours. They also acknowledge the positive feedback on model focus by Tony Morse and Bill Kramber of the Idaho Department of Water Resources, and the initial training by and very informative and helpful discussions with Dr. Wim Bastiaanssen of WaterWatch, The Netherlands, that significantly boosted the development and characteristics of METRIC. Funding for the various applications and development came from NASA, Raytheon, USDA-CSREES, Idaho Department of Water Resources, U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, U.S. Dept. of Justice, Keller-Bliesner Engineering, Idaho Agricultural Experiment Station, and Idaho Engineering Experiment Station. The writers acknowledge the very helpful comments and suggestions by reviewers to improve the clarity of this manuscript.
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Published In
Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering
Volume 133 • Issue 4 • August 2007
Pages: 380 - 394
Copyright
© 2007 ASCE.
History
Received: Nov 16, 2005
Accepted: Mar 16, 2007
Published online: Aug 1, 2007
Published in print: Aug 2007
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