TECHNICAL PAPERS
Sep 1, 1996

Field Investigation of Potential Contamination by Bitumen-Coated Piles

Publication: Journal of Geotechnical Engineering
Volume 122, Issue 9

Abstract

Coating piles with bitumen down to their neutral points to debond them from embedding soil is a feasible method to minimize the adverse effects of negative skin friction. Bitumen is a petroleum product composed of numerous extremely complex organic compounds including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) that have been identified by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as toxic and carcinogenic materials. To investigate the engineering behavior of bitumen-coated piles under extreme weather conditions, full-scale field tests were performed in New Orleans, Louisiana, and Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Instrumented piles were installed at these sites from 1989 to 1990. This paper presents the results of geoenvironmental field investigations performed at these sites to determine the spatial distribution of target PAHs in the subsurface after the piles had been installed for 2–3 1/2 yr. The findings of the investigation indicate that subsurface contamination, if there is any, caused by the installation of bitumen-coated piles is well within acceptable limits.

Get full access to this article

View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.

References

1.
Alberta Environment. (1993). Alberta tier I criteria for contaminated soil assessment and remediation. Wastes and Chemical Division, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada.
2.
Baligh, M. M., Vivatrat, V., and Figi, H.(1978). “Downdrag on bitumen-coated piles.”J. Geotech. Engrg. Div., ASCE, 104(11), 1355–1370.
3.
Baligh, M. M., Figi, H., Vivatrat, V., and Azzouz, A. S. (1981). “Design of bitumen coating to reduce downdrag on piles.”Res. Rep. R80-42, Department of Civil Engineering, Massachusetts Inst. of Technol., Cambridge, Mass.
4.
Bjerrum, L., Johannessen, I. J., and Eide, O. (1969). “Reduction of negative skin friction on steel piles to rock.”Proc., 7th Int. Conf. Soil Mech. Found. Engrg., Mexico City, Mexico, Vol. 2, 27–34.
5.
Bjorseth, A. (1983). Handbook of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Marcel Dekker, New York, N.Y.
6.
Bowles, J. E. (1988). Foundation design and analysis, 4th Ed., McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York, N.Y.
7.
Briaud, J. L., and Porwoll, H. (1989). “NEWNEG: Microcomputer program for downdrag on piles.”Proc., Found. Engrg.: Current Principles and Practices, ASCE, New York, N.Y., Vol. 1, 706–718.
8.
Briaud, J. L., and Tucker, L. M. (1994). “Design and construction manual for downdrag on uncoated and bitumen-coated piles.”Res. Rep. Prepared for National Cooperative Highway Research Program, Texas Transportation Institute, Texas A&M Univ. System, College Station, Tex.
9.
Briaud, J. L., Viswanathan, R., Bush, R. K., Yeung, A. T., and Jeong, S. (1996). “Downdrag on uncoated and bitumen-coated piles.”Res. Rep. Prepared for National Cooperative Highway Research Program, Texas Transportation Institute, Texas A&M Univ. System, College Station, Tex.
10.
Bush, R. K., and Briaud, J. L. (1994). “Measured downdrag on seven coated and uncoated piles in New Orleans.”Vertical and Horizontal Deformations of Foundations and Embankments, Geotechnical Special Publication No. 40, ASCE, New York, N.Y., Vol. 2, 1011–1027.
11.
Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME). (1991). “Interim Canadian environmental quality criteria for contaminated sites.”Rep. CCME EPA-CS34, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
12.
Classen, A. I. M., and Horvat, E.(1974). “Reducing negative friction with bitumen slip layers.”J. Geotech. Engrg. Div., ASCE, 100(8), 925–944.
13.
Das, B. M. (1995). Principles of foundation engineering, 3rd Ed., PWS/Kent Publishing Co., Boston, Mass.
14.
Endo, M., Minou, A., Kawasaki, K., and Shibata, T.(1969). “Negative skin friction acting on steel pipe piles in clay.”Proc., 7th Int. Conf. Soil Mech. Found. Engrg., Mexico City, Mexico, 2, 85–92.
15.
Federal Register. (1991). Rules and regulations. Office of the Federal Register, National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, D.C., 56(20), 3531–3532.
16.
Federal Register. (1992). Proposed rules. Office of the Federal Register, National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, D.C., 57(98), 21510–21513.
17.
Fellenius, B. H.(1972). “Downdrag on long piles in clay due to negative skin friction.”Can. Geotech. J., 9(4), 323–337.
18.
Fellenius, B. H., and Broms, B. B.(1969). “Negative skin friction for long piles driven in clay.”Proc., 7th Int. Conf. Soil Mech. Found. Engrg., Mexico City, Mexico, 2, 93–98.
19.
Hutchinson, J. N., and Jensen, E. V. (1968). “Loading tests on piles driven into estuarine clays at Port of Khorramshar and observation on the effect of bitumen coatings on shaft bearing capacity.”Publication No. 78, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute, Oslo, Norway, 1–12.
20.
Jeong, S., and Briaud, J. L. (1994). “Nonlinear three-dimensional analysis of downdrag on pile group.”Vertical and Horizontal Deformations of Foundations and Embankments, Geotechnical Special Publication No. 40, ASCE, New York, N.Y., 1366–1384.
21.
Koerner, R. M., and Mukhopadhyay, C.(1972). “Behavior of negative skin friction on model piles in medium plasticity silt.”Hwy. Res. Rec., 45, 34–44.
22.
Lambe, T. W., and Baligh, M. M. (1978). “Negative skin friction downdrag on a pile.”Rep. No. FHWA/TS-73/210, Massachusetts Inst. of Technol., Cambridge, Mass.
23.
Lee, M. L., Novotny, M. V., and Bartle, K. D. (1981). Analytical chemistry of polycyclic aromatic compounds. Academic Press, New York, N.Y.
24.
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). (1993). Sampling and analytical methods of the national status and trends program, national benthic surveillance and mussel watch projects 1984–1992, volume IV: comprehensive descriptions of trace organic analytical methods. NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS ORCA 71, Silver Spring, Md.
25.
Peck, R. B., Hanson, W. E., and Thornburn, T. H. (1974). Foundation engineering, 2nd Ed., John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, N.Y.
26.
Poulos, H. G., and Davis, E. H. (1980). Pile foundation analysis and design. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, N.Y.
27.
“Protection of environment.” (1992). Code of federal regulations 40 CFR 264, ground-water monitoring list—standards for owners and operators of hazardous waste treatment, storage, and disposal facilities: Appendix IX. Office of the Federal Register, National Archives and Records Administration, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 310–316.
28.
Tawfiq, K., and Ping, W. V. (1992). “Effect of polyethylene versus bitumen coating on downdrag forces.”Final Rep. submitted to Florida Department of Transportation under State Job No. 88700-7563-010,Contract No. C-3976 and WPI 0510628, Department of Civil Engineering, FAMU/FSU Coll. of Engrg., Tallahassee, Fla.
29.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (1986a). SW846—test methods for evaluating solid waste, vol. 1B: laboratory manual physical/chemical methods, 3rd Ed., Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, Washington, D.C.
30.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (1986b). SW846—test methods for evaluating solid waste, vol. 2: field manual physical/chemical methods, 3rd Ed., Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, Washington, D.C.
31.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (1990). “Ground water handbook vol. 1: ground water and contamination.”Rep. No. EPA/625/6-90/016a, Office of Research and Development, Washington, D.C.
32.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (1993). Drinking water regulations and health advisories. Office of Water, Washington, D.C.
33.
Vesić, A. S. (1977). Design of pile foundations. National Cooperative Highway Research Program Synthesis of Practice No. 42, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C.
34.
Wade, T. L., Brooks, J. M., Kennicutt, M. C. II, McDonald, T. J., Sericano, J. L., and Jackson, T. J. (1993). “GERG trace organics contaminant analytical techniques.”Sampling and analytical methods of the national status and trends program, national benthic surveillance and mussel watch projects 1984–1992, vol. IV: comprehensive descriptions of trace organic analytical methods. NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS ORCA 71, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Silver Spring, Md., 121–128.
35.
Walker, L. K., and Darvall, P. Le P. (1973). “Downdrag on coated and uncoated piles.”Proc., 8th Int. Conf. Soil Mech. Found. Engrg., Moscow, Russia, 2.1, 257–262.
36.
Wong, K. S., and Teh, C. I.(1995). “Negative skin friction on piles in layered soil deposits.”J. Geotech. Engrg., ASCE, 121(6), 457–465.

Information & Authors

Information

Published In

Go to Journal of Geotechnical Engineering
Journal of Geotechnical Engineering
Volume 122Issue 9September 1996
Pages: 736 - 744

History

Published online: Sep 1, 1996
Published in print: Sep 1996

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Authors

Affiliations

Albert T. Yeung, Member, ASCE,
Asst. Prof. of Civ. Engrg., Texas A&M Univ., College Station, TX 77843-3136.
Rajan Viswanathan, Student Member, ASCE
Grad. Res. Asst., Dept. of Civ. Engrg., Texas A&M Univ., College Station, TX.
Jean-Louis Briaud, Fellow, ASCE
Buchanan Prof. of Civ. Engrg., Texas A&M Univ., College Station, TX.

Metrics & Citations

Metrics

Citations

Download citation

If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.

Cited by

View Options

Get Access

Access content

Please select your options to get access

Log in/Register Log in via your institution (Shibboleth)
ASCE Members: Please log in to see member pricing

Purchase

Save for later Information on ASCE Library Cards
ASCE Library Cards let you download journal articles, proceedings papers, and available book chapters across the entire ASCE Library platform. ASCE Library Cards remain active for 24 months or until all downloads are used. Note: This content will be debited as one download at time of checkout.

Terms of Use: ASCE Library Cards are for individual, personal use only. Reselling, republishing, or forwarding the materials to libraries or reading rooms is prohibited.
ASCE Library Card (5 downloads)
$105.00
Add to cart
ASCE Library Card (20 downloads)
$280.00
Add to cart
Buy Single Article
$35.00
Add to cart

Get Access

Access content

Please select your options to get access

Log in/Register Log in via your institution (Shibboleth)
ASCE Members: Please log in to see member pricing

Purchase

Save for later Information on ASCE Library Cards
ASCE Library Cards let you download journal articles, proceedings papers, and available book chapters across the entire ASCE Library platform. ASCE Library Cards remain active for 24 months or until all downloads are used. Note: This content will be debited as one download at time of checkout.

Terms of Use: ASCE Library Cards are for individual, personal use only. Reselling, republishing, or forwarding the materials to libraries or reading rooms is prohibited.
ASCE Library Card (5 downloads)
$105.00
Add to cart
ASCE Library Card (20 downloads)
$280.00
Add to cart
Buy Single Article
$35.00
Add to cart

Media

Figures

Other

Tables

Share

Share

Copy the content Link

Share with email

Email a colleague

Share