Simplified Method for Design of Underpinning Piles
Publication: Journal of Geotechnical Engineering
Volume 122, Issue 9
Abstract
Existing buildings sometimes experience excessive settlement under their design load or face the prospect of excessive settlement in the future if a change of building use is required and increased foundation loadings will occur. Several methods of foundation enhancement are available to arrest settlements or improve the future performance of existing foundations. The method of underpinning by piles is widely used, but despite the long-standing use of this method, approaches to the design of piles for underpinning are not well developed. For practical purposes, a simple method is required for designing underpinning piles. In this paper, a design method based on the concepts of pile-raft interaction is developed. The general concept of the simplified design method is described, and then the method is formulated and explained in detail. The application of the simplified method to a series of problems analyzed by finite element methods is then described. Finally, comparisons are made between the results of the simplified analysis and data from model footing tests.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
1.
Butterfield, R., and Banerjee, P. K.(1971). “The elastic analysis of compressible piles and pile group.”Géotechnique, London, England, 21(1), 43–60.
2.
Chow, Y. K.(1986a). “Analysis of vertically loaded pile groups.”Int. J. for Numer. and Analytical Methods in Geomech., 10(1), 59–72.
3.
Chow, Y. K.(1986b). “Discrete element analysis of settlement of pile group.”Comp. & Struct., 24(1), 157–166.
4.
Chow, Y. K.(1987a). “Axial and lateral response of pile groups embedded in nonhomogeneous soils.”Int. J. for Numer. and Analytical Methods in Geomech., 11, 621–638.
5.
Chow, Y. K.(1987b). “Three-dimensional analysis of pile groups.”J. Geotech. Engrg., ASCE, 113(6), 637–651.
6.
Clancy, P., and Randolph, M. F.(1993). “An approximate analysis procedure for piled raft foundations.”Int. J. for Numer. and Analytical Methods in Geomech., 17, 849–869.
7.
Cooke, R. W., Bryden-Smith, D. W., Gooch, M. N., and Sillett, D. (1981). “Some observations of the foundation loading and settlement of a multistorey building on a piled raft foundation in London clay.”Proc., Inst. of Civ. Engrs., Instn. of Civ. Engrs. (ICE), London, England, Vol. 70, Part 1, 433–460.
8.
D'Appolonia, D. J., Poulos, H. G., and Ladd, C. C.(1971). “Initial settlement of structures on clay.”J. Soil Mech. and Found. Div., ASCE, 97(10), 1359–1377.
9.
Fleming, W. G. K., Weltman, A. J., Randolph, M. F., and Elson, W. K. (1985). Piling engineering . Surrey University Press, Glasgow, U.K.
10.
Griffiths, D. V., Clancy, P., and Randolph, M. F.(1991). “Piled raft foundation analysis by finite elements.”Proc., 7th Int. Conf. on Comp. Methods and Adv. in Geomech., G. Beer, J. R. Booker, and J. P. Carter, eds., Balkema, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, 2, 1153–1157.
11.
Hannink, G.(1988). “Reconstruction of the settlement history of buildings.”Proc., 2nd Int. Conf. on Case Histories in Geotech. Engrg., S. Prakash, ed., 2, 1403–1408.
12.
Hooper, J. A. (1979). “Review of behaviour of piled raft foundations.”CIRIA Rep. No. 83, CIRIA, London, England.
13.
Kraft, L. M., Ray, R. P., and Kagawa, T. (1981). “Theoretical t - z curves.”J. Geotech. Div., ASCE, 107(11), 1543–1561.
14.
Lee, C. Y.(1993). “Pile group settlement analysis by hybrid layer approach.”J. Geotech. Engrg., ASCE, 119(6), 984–997.
15.
Makarchian, M. (1995a). “Underpinning of foundations by piles,” PhD thesis, School of Civ. and Min. Engrg., Univ. of Sydney, Australia.
16.
Makarchian, M. (1995b). “An apparatus for model footing and underpinning tests.”Res. Rep. No. R706, School of Civ. and Min. Engrg., Univ. of Sydney, Australia.
17.
Makarchian, M., and Poulos, H. G. (1994a). “Underpinning by piles: A numerical study.”Proc., 13th Int. Conf. on Soil Mech. and Found. Engrg., Oxford Press, New Delhi, India, Vol. 4, 1467–1470.
18.
Makarchian, M., and Poulos, H. G.(1994b). “Numerical study of underpinning by piles for settlement control of strip foundations.”Vertical and Horizontal Deformations of Found. and Embankments, Proc. of Settlement '94, Geotech. Spec. Publ. No. 40, A. T. Yeung and G. Y. Félio, eds., ASCE, New York, N.Y., 1, 303–313.
19.
Makarchian, M., and Poulos, H. G. (1996). “A theoretical study of underpinning of rigid circular foundations by piles.”Proc., 6th Int. Conf. Piling and Deep Found., DFI, Bombay, India, 1.16.1–1.16.6.
20.
Phung Duc Long. (1993). “Footings with settlement-reducing piles in noncohesive soil.”Rep. No. 43, Swedish Geotech. Inst., Linköping, Sweden.
21.
Poulos, H. G.(1989). “Pile behaviour—Theory and applications.”Géotechnique, London, England, 39(3), 365–415.
22.
Poulos, H. G. (1990). DEFPIG—users' guide . Ctr. for Geotech. Res., Univ. of Sydney, Australia.
23.
Poulos, H. G.(1991). “Analysis of piled strip foundations.”Proc., 7th Int. Conf. on Comp. Methods and Adv. in Geomech., G. Beer, J. R. Booker, and J. P. Carter, eds., Balkema, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, 1, 183–191.
24.
Poulos, H. G.(1994a). “An approximate numerical analysis of pile-raft interaction.”Int. J. for Numer. and Analytical Methods in Geomech., 18(1), 73–92.
25.
Poulos, H. G.(1994b). “Design of underpinning piles to reduce settlements.”Vertical and Horizontal Deformations of Found. and Embankments, Proc. of Settlement '94 Geotech. Spec. Publ. No. 40, A. T. Yeung and G. Y. Félio, eds., ASCE, New York, N.Y., 2, 1000–1010.
26.
Poulos, H. G., and Davis, E. H. (1974). Elastic solutions for soil and rock mechanics . John Wiley and Sons, New York, N.Y.
27.
Poulos, H. G., and Davis, E. H. (1980). Pile foundation analysis and design . John Wiley and Sons, New York, N.Y.
28.
Randolph, M. F. (1983). “Design of piled raft foundations.”Proc., Int. Symp. on Recent Devel. in Lab. and Field Tests and Analysis of Geotech. Problems, AIT, Bangkok, Thailand, 525–537.
29.
Randolph, M. F. (1994). PIGLET analysis and design of pile groups . Dept. of Civ. Engrg., Univ. of Western Australia.
30.
Randolph, M. F., and Wroth, C. P.(1978). “Analysis of deformation of vertically loaded piles.”J. Geotech. Div., ASCE, 104(12), 1465–1488.
31.
Randolph, M. F., and Wroth, C. P.(1979). “An analysis of the vertical deformation of pile groups.”Géotechnique, London, England, 29(4), 423–439.
32.
Seed, H. B., and Reese, L. C.(1957). “The actions of soft clay along friction piles.”Trans. ASCE, 122, 731–754.
33.
Smith, I. M., and Griffiths, D. V. (1988). Programming the finite element method, 2nd Ed., John Wiley and Sons, New York, N.Y.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
Copyright © 1996 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Published online: Sep 1, 1996
Published in print: Sep 1996
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.