Liquefaction and Postliquefaction Behavior of Sand
Publication: Journal of Geotechnical Engineering
Volume 121, Issue 2
Abstract
The static undrained behavior of saturated sand is shown to be dilative in triaxial compression, even in the loosest deposited state. However, the behavior in triaxial extension is contractive for relative densities of up to 60%, implying a profound anisotropy of response to undrained loading. On monotonic loading, following liquefaction, the sand always responds in a dilative manner even though it is contractive under static loading. The postliquefaction response represents continuously stiffening behavior and an approach to any residual strength is not observed, regardless of density or effective stress conditions prior to cyclic loading.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
1.
Arthur, J. R. F., and Menzies, B.(1972). “Inherent anisotropy in a sand.”Geotechnique, London, England, 22(1), 115–128.
2.
Bartlett, S., and Youd, L. (1992). “Empirical prediction of lateral spread displacement.”Proc., US-Japan Workshop, Nat. Ctr. for Earthquake Engrg. Res. (NCEER), SUNY, Buffalo, N.Y.
3.
Bishop, A. W. (1971). “Shear strength parameters for undisturbed and remolded soil specimens.”Proc., Roscoe Membership Symp., Cambridge Univ., Cambridge, England, 3–58.
4.
Byrne, P. M. (1990). “A model for predicting liquefaction induced displacements.”Soil Mechanics Ser. No. 147, Dept. of Civ. Engrg., Univ. of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
5.
Byrne, P. M., Jitno, H., and Jeremy, H. (1992). “A procedure for predicting the seismic response of tailings impoundments.”Proc., Geotechnique and Natural Hazards; GeoHazards 92, Vancouver Geotech. Soc., Vancouver, Canada, 281–289.
6.
Casagrande, A. (1976). “Liquefaction and cyclic deformations of sands—a critical review.”Harvard Soil Mech. Ser. No. 88, Harvard Univ., Cambridge, Mass.
7.
Castro, G. (1969). “Liquefaction of Sands,” PhD thesis, Harvard Univ., Cambridge, Mass.
8.
Castro, G., Poulos, S., and Leathers, F. F.(1985). “Re-examination of slide of lower San Fernando Dam.”J. Geotech. Engrg., ASCE, 111(9), 1093–1107.
9.
Castro, G., Poulos, S., France, J. W., and Enos, J. L. (1982). “Liquefaction induced by cyclic loading.”Rep. to NSF, Geotech. Engr., Winchester, Mass.
10.
Finn, W. D., Liam, Yogendrakumar, M., and Yoshida, N. (1986). “Response of 2D embankment systems to seismic loading—program TARA-3.”UBC Soil Mech. Ser., Univ. of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
11.
Hamada, M., Towhata, I., Yasuda, S., and Isoyama, R. (1987). “Study of permanent ground displacements induced by seismic liquefaction.”Computers and Geotechnics, Vol. 4, 197–220.
12.
Hanzawa, H.(1980). “Undrained strength and stability of quicksand.”Soils and Found., Tokyo, Japan, 20(2), 17–29.
13.
Ishihara, K., Tatsuoka, F., and Yasuda, S.(1975). “Undrained deformation and liquefaction of sand under cyclic stresses.”Soils and Found., Tokyo, Japan, 15(1), 29–44.
14.
Ishihara, K.(1993). “Liquefaction and flow failure during earthquakes.”Geotechnique, London, England, 43(3), 351–415.
15.
Kuerbis, R. H., and Vaid, Y. P. (1989). “Static and cyclic undrained behaviour of silty sands.”Proc., 12th ICSMFE, Session 27, ICSMFE, Paris, France, 91–100.
16.
Miura, S., and Toki, S.(1982). “A sample preparation method and its effect on static and cyclic deformation-strength properties of sand.”Soils and Found., Tokyo, Japan, 22(1), 61–77.
17.
National Research Council (NRC). (1985). “Liquefaction of soils during earthquakes.”Rep. No. CETS-EE-001, Nat. Acad. Press, Washington, D.C.
18.
Oda, M.(1972). “Initial fabrics and their relations to mechanical properties of granular material.”Soils and Found., Tokyo, Japan, 12(1), 17–36.
19.
Prevost, J. H. (1981). “DYNA-FLOW: a nonlinear transient finite element analysis program.”Rep. No. 81-SM-1, Dept. of Civ. Engrg., Princeton Univ., Princeton, N.J.
20.
Seed, H. B.(1979). “Soil liquefaction and cyclic mobility evaluation for level ground during earthquakes.”J. Geotech, Engrg., ASCE, 105(2), 201–255.
21.
Seed, R. B., and Harder, L. F. (1990). “SPT-based analysis of cyclic pore pressure generation and undrained residual strength.”Seed Memorial Symp., BiTech Publ., Vancouver, Canada, 351–376.
22.
Shibuya, S., and Hight, D. W.(1987). “A bounding surface for granular materials.”Soils and Found., Tokyo, Japan, 27(4), 123–136.
23.
Symes, M. J., Shibuya, S., Hight, S. W., and Gens, A. (1985). “Liquefaction with cyclic principal stress rotation.”Proc., 11 ICSMFE, Int. Conf. on Soil Mech. and Found. Engrg. (ICSMFE), San Francisco, Calif., Vol. 4.
24.
Vaid, Y. P., Chern, J. C., and Tumi, H.(1985). “Confining pressure, grain angularity and liquefaction.”J. Geotech. Engrg., ASCE, 11(10), 1229–1235.
25.
Vaid, Y. P., Chung, E. K. F., and Kuerbis, R.(1989). “Preshearing and undrained response of sand.”Soils and Found., Tokyo, Japan, 29(4), 49–61.
26.
Vaid, Y. P., Chung, E. K. F., and Kuerbis, R. H.(1990). “Stress path and steady state.”Can. Geotech. J., 27(1), 1–7.
27.
Vaid, Y. P., and Negussey, D. (1988). “Preparation of reconstituted sand specimens.” Advanced Triaxial Testing of Soils and Rock, ASTM STP 977, ASTM, Philadelphia, Pa., 119–131.
28.
Vaid, Y. P., and Pillai, S.(1992). “Discussion of the `Critical state of sand' by Been et al.”Geotechnique, London, England, 42(4), 655–663.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Geotechnical Engineering
Volume 121 • Issue 2 • February 1995
Pages: 163 - 173
Copyright
Copyright © 1995 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Published online: Feb 1, 1995
Published in print: Feb 1995
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.