Prefabricated Volumetric Modular Construction: A Review on Current Systems, Challenges, and Future Prospects
Publication: Practice Periodical on Structural Design and Construction
Volume 28, Issue 1
Abstract
Rapid urbanization and population growth worldwide has stimulated the requirement of fast and efficient construction techniques. An emerging trend in the construction industry focuses on prefabricated volumetric modular construction (PVMC), wherein individual room size prefabricated modules are manufactured off-site and transported to the site for assemblage using joint connections. This paper provides a comprehensive review on prefabricated modular structural systems, general concepts, joint connections for steel and concrete modules, and their structural behavior. Further, the impediments in current PVMC systems are outlined and technical challenges that restrict the widespread acceptance of PVMC systems are discussed. PVMC is advantageous over conventional construction with regard to construction efficiency, material optimization, speed, safety, and quality control, along with reduced environmental impact. However, application of PVMC in construction industry is very limited due to lack of sufficient understanding on joint connections, seismic behavior, and design methods. It is inferred that reasonable research has been carried out to study the behavior of connection systems at the local level, while research on global seismic performance of prefabricated modular buildings is scarce, which calls for extensive experimental investigations on full-scale modular buildings subjected to lateral loading.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
No data, models, or code were generated or used during the study.
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful to the Director, CSIR—Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee for all the encouragement and permission to publish the paper.
References
ACI (American Concrete Institute). 2019. Building code requirements for reinforced concrete. American Concrete Institute 318-19. Farmington Hills, MI: ACI.
Allouzi, R., W. Al-Azhari, and R. Allouzi. 2020. “Conventional construction and 3D printing: A comparison study on material cost in Jordan.” J. Eng. 2020 (May): 1424682. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/1424682.
Annan, C. D., M. A. Youssef, and M. H. El Naggar. 2009a. “Experimental evaluation of the seismic performance of modular steel-braced frames.” Eng. Struct. 31 (7): 1435–1446. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2009.02.024.
Annan, C. D., M. A. Youssef, and M. H. El Naggar. 2009b. “Seismic vulnerability assessment of modular steel buildings.” J. Earthquake Eng. 13 (8): 1065–1088. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632460902933881.
Arslan, M. H., H. H. Korkmaz, and F. G. Gulay. 2006. “Damage and failure pattern of prefabricated structures after major earthquakes in Turkey and shortfalls of the Turkish Earthquake code.” Eng. Fail. Anal. 13 (4): 537–557. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2005.02.006.
Blagojevich, R. R., and E. E. Whitaker. 2007. Regulation of factory built structures in Illinois. Springfield, IL: Illinois Department of Public Health.
Boafo, F. E., J. H. Kim, and J. T. Kim. 2016. “Performance of modular prefabricated architecture: Case study-based review and future pathways.” Sustainability 8 (6): 558. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8060558.
Bos, F., R. Wolfs, Z. Ahmed, and T. Salet. 2016. “Additive manufacturing of concrete in construction: Potentials and challenges of 3D concrete printing.” Virtual Phys. Prototyping 11 (3): 209–225. https://doi.org/10.1080/17452759.2016.1209867.
Buswell, R. A., W. R. Leal de Silva, S. Z. Jones, and J. Dirrenberger. 2018. “3D printing using concrete extrusion: A roadmap for research.” Cem. Concr. Res. 112 (Oct): 37–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2018.05.006.
Cabrera-i-Fausto, I., E. Fenollosa-Forner, and B. Serrano-Lanzarote. 2020. “The new entrance to the Camí d’Onda Air-raid Shelter in the historic center of Borriana, Spain.” J. Technol. Archit. Environ. 19: 290–297. https://doi.org/10.13128/techne-7790.
Chen, Z., K. Khan, A. Khan, K. Javed, and J. Liu. 2021. “Exploration of the multidirectional stability and response of prefabricated volumetric modular steel structures.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 184 (Sep): 106826. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2021.106826.
Chen, Z., H. Li, A. Chen, Y. Yu, and H. Wang. 2017a. “Research on pretensioned modular frame test and simulations.” Eng. Struct. 151 (Nov): 774–787. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.08.019.
Chen, Z., J. Liu, and Y. Yu. 2017b. “Experimental study on interior connections in modular steel buildings.” Eng. Struct. 147 (Sep): 625–638. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.06.002.
Chen, Z., Y. Liu, X. Zhong, and J. Liu. 2019. “Rotational stiffness of inter-module connection in mid-rise modular steel buildings.” Eng. Struct. 196 (Oct): 109273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2019.06.009.
Cho, B. H., J. S. Lee, H. Kim, and D. J. Kim. 2019. “Structural performance of a new blind-bolted frame modular beam-column connection under lateral loading.” Appl. Sci. 9 (9): 1929. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9091929.
Choi, K. S., and H. J. Kim. 2015. “An analytical study on rotational capacity of beam-column joints in unit modular frames.” Int. J. Civ. Environ. Struct. Constr. Archit. Eng. 9 (2): 100–103. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1098106.
Choi, K. S., H. C. Lee, and H. J. Kim. 2016. “Influence of analytical models on the seismic response of modular structures.” J. Korea Inst. Struct. Maint. Insp. 20 (2): 74–85. https://doi.org/10.11112/jksmi.2016.20.2.074.
Chourasia, A., Y. Kajale, S. Singhal, and J. Parashar. 2017a. “Promising prefab technology for mass housing in Indian Scenario.” In Proc., of CISHR, 192–201. Srinagar, Uttarakhand, India: National Institute of Technology Uttarakhand.
Chourasia, A., Y. Kajale, S. Singhal, and J. Parashar. 2020. “Seismic performance assessment of two-story precast reinforced concrete building.” Struct. Concr. 21 (5): 2011–2027. https://doi.org/10.1002/suco.201900146.
Chourasia, A., S. Singhal, and J. Parashar. 2017b. “Precast reinforced concrete shear walls: State of the art review.” In Proc., of CISHR, 202–213. Srinagar, Uttarakhand, India: National Institute of Technology Uttarakhand.
Code, P. 2005. Eurocode 8: Design of structures for earthquake resistance-part 1: General rules, seismic actions and rules for buildings. Brussels, Belgium: European Committee for Standardization.
Dai, X. M., L. Zong, Y. Ding, and Z. X. Li. 2019. “Experimental study on seismic behavior of a novel plug-in self-lock joint for modular steel construction.” Eng. Struct. 181 (Feb): 143–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.11.075.
Deng, E. F., L. Zong, Y. Ding, X. M. Dai, N. Lou, and Y. Chen. 2018a. “Monotonic and cyclic response of bolted connections with welded cover plate for modular steel construction.” Eng. Struct. 167 (Jul): 407–419. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.04.028.
Deng, E. F., L. Zong, Y. Ding, and Y. B. Luo. 2018b. “Seismic behavior and design of cruciform bolted module-to-module connection with various reinforcing details.” Thin-Walled Struct. 133 (Dec): 106–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2018.09.033.
Deng, E. F., L. Zong, Y. Ding, Z. Zhang, J. F. Zhang, F. W. Shi, L. M. Cai, and S. C. Gao. 2020. “Seismic performance of mid-to-high rise modular steel construction—A critical review.” Thin-Walled Struct. 155 (Oct): 106924. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2020.106924.
Dhanapal, J., H. Ghaednia, S. Das, and J. Velocci. 2019. “Structural performance of state-of-the-art VectorBloc modular connector under axial loads.” Eng. Struct. 183 (Mar): 496–509. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2019.01.023.
Doh, J. H., N. M. Ho, D. Miller, T. Peters, D. Carlson, and P. Lai. 2016. “Steel bracket connection on modular buildings.” J. Steel Struct. Constr. 2 (2): 121. https://doi.org/10.4172/2472-0437.1000121.
Fadden, M., and J. McCormick. 2012. “Cyclic quasi-static testing of hollow structural section beam members.” J. Struct. Eng. 138 (5): 561–570. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000506.
Fadden, M., D. Wei, and J. McCormick. 2015. “Cyclic testing of welded HSS-to-HSS moment connections for seismic applications.” J. Struct. Eng. 141 (2): 04014109. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001049.
Fathieh, A., and O. Mercan. 2016. “Seismic evaluation of modular steel buildings.” Eng. Struct. 122 (Sep): 83–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2016.04.054.
Ferdous, W., A. D. Almutairi, Y. Huang, and Y. Bai. 2018a. “Short-term flexural behaviour of concrete filled pultruded GFRP cellular and tubular sections with pin-eye connections for modular retaining wall construction.” Compos. Struct. 206 (Dec): 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2018.08.025.
Ferdous, W., Y. Bai, A. D. Almutairi, S. Satasivam, and J. Jeske. 2018b. “Modular assembly of water retaining walls using GFRP hollow profiles: Components and connection performance.” Compos. Struct. 194 (Jun): 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2018.03.074.
Ferdous, W., Y. Bai, T. D. Ngo, A. Manalo, and P. Mendis. 2019. “New advancements, challenges and opportunities of multi-story modular buildings—A state-of-the-art review.” Eng. Struct. 183 (Mar): 883–893. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2019.01.061.
Ferdous, W., A. Manalo, and T. Aravinthan. 2017. “Bond behaviour of composite sandwich panel and epoxy polymer matrix: Taguchi design of experiments and theoretical predictions.” Constr. Build. Mater. 145 (Aug): 76–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.03.244.
Ferdous, W., A. Manalo, T. Aravinthan, and A. Fam. 2018c. “Flexural and shear behaviour of layered sandwich beams.” Constr. Build. Mater. 173 (Jun): 429–442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.04.068.
Godbole, S., N. Lam, M. Mafas, S. Fernando, E. Gad, and J. Hashemi. 2018. “Dynamic loading on a prefabricated modular unit of a building during road transportation.” J. Build. Eng. 18 (Jul): 260–269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2018.03.017.
Green, E., and W. P. Forster. 2017. More better: An evaluation of the potential of alternative approaches to inform housing delivery in Wales. Cardiff, UK: Cardiff Univ.
Griffith, A. 1990. Quality assurance in building. Basingstoke, UK: McMillan Education.
Gunawardena, T., T. D. Ngo, and P. Mendis. 2016a. “Behaviour of multi-story prefabricated modular buildings under seismic loads.” Earthquake Struct. 11 (6): 1061–1076. https://doi.org/10.12989/eas.2016.11.6.1061.
Gunawardena, T., T. D. Ngo, P. Mendis, and J. Alfano. 2016b. “Innovative flexible structural system using prefabricated modules.” J. Archit. Eng. 22 (4): 05016003. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)AE.1943-5568.0000214.
Hong, S. G., B. H. Cho, K. S. Chung, and J. H. Moon. 2011. “Behaviour of framed modular building system with double skin steel panels.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 67 (6): 936–946. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2011.02.002.
Hwang, B. G., M. Shan, and K. Y. Looi. 2018. “Knowledge-based decision support system for prefabricated prefinished volumetric construction.” Autom. Constr. 94 (Oct): 168–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2018.06.016.
Isaac, S., T. Bock, and Y. Stoliar. 2016. “A methodology for the optimal modularization of building design.” Autom. Constr. 65 (May): 116–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2015.12.017.
Karle, D. 2021. “Piggybacking historic architecture: Air rights and the subdivision of space.” ANUARI d’Arquitectura Societat Res. J. 1 (Nov): 312–330. https://doi.org/10.4995/anuari.2021.16152.
Lacey, A. W., W. Chen, H. Hao, and K. Bi. 2018a. “Structural response of modular buildings—An overview.” J. Build. Eng. 16 (Mar): 45–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2017.12.008.
Lacey, A. W., W. Chen, H. Hao, and K. Bi. 2018b. “Structural response of modular building subjected to earthquake loading.” In Vol. 31 of Proc., 13th Int. Conf. on Steel, Space and Composite Structures, 1–8. Perth, Australia: Univ. of Western Australia.
Lacey, A. W., W. Chen, H. Hao, K. Bi, and F. J. Tallowin. 2019. “Shear behaviour of post-tensioned inter-module connection for modular steel buildings.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 162 (Nov): 105707. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2019.105707.
Lawson, M., R. Ogden, and C. Goodier. 2014. Design in modular construction. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Lawson, R. M., R. G. Ogden, R. Pedreschi, P. J. Grubb, and S. O. Popo Ola. 2005. “Developments in pre-fabricated systems in light steel and modular construction.” Transport 83 (6): 28–35.
Lawson, R. M., R. G. Ogden, and R. Bergin. 2012. “Application of modular construction in high-rise buildings.” J. Archit. Eng. 18 (2): 148–154. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)AE.1943-5568.0000057.
Lawson, R. M., and J. Richards. 2010. “Modular design for high-rise buildings.” Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng. Struct. Build. 163 (3): 151–164. https://doi.org/10.1680/stbu.2010.163.3.151.
Lee, S., J. Park, S. Shon, and C. Kang. 2018. “Seismic performance evaluation of the ceiling-bracket-type modular joint with various bracket parameters.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 150 (Nov): 298–325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2018.08.008.
Li, G. Q., K. Cao, and Y. Lu. 2018. “Column effective lengths in sway-permitted modular steel-frame buildings.” Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng. Struct. Build. 172 (1): 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1680/jstbu.17.00006.
Li, G. Q., K. Cao, Y. Lu, and J. Jiang. 2017. “Effective Length Factor of Columns in Non-Sway Modular Steel Buildings.” Adv. Steel Constr. 13 (4): 412–426. https://doi.org/10.18057/IJASC.2017.13.4.6.
Li, X., Y. C. Kurama, and G. Wu. 2020. “Experimental and numerical study of precast posttensioned walls with yielding-based and friction-based energy dissipation.” Eng. Struct. 212 (Jun): 110391. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2020.110391.
Liew, J. Y. R. 2018. “Innovation in modular building construction.” In Proc., 9th Int. Conf. on Advances in Steel Structures, 1–14. Hong Kong: Hong Kong Polytechnic Univ.
Liew, J. Y. R., Y. S. Chua, and Z. Dai. 2019. “Steel concrete composite systems for modular construction of high-rise buildings.” Structures 21 (Oct): 135–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2019.02.010.
Liu, W. Q., B. G. Hwang, M. Shan, and K. Y. Looi. 2019. “Prefabricated prefinished volumetric construction: Key constraints and mitigation strategies.” IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci. 385 (1): 012001. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/385/1/012001.
Liu, Z., Z. Gu, Y. Bai, and N. Zhong. 2018. “Intermodal transportation of modular structure units.” World Rev. Intermodal Transp. Res. 7 (2): 99–123. https://doi.org/10.1504/WRITR.2018.091245.
Manalo, A. 2013. “Structural behaviour of a prefabricated composite wall system made from rigid polyurethane foam and Magnesium Oxide board.” Constr. Build. Mater. 41 (Aug): 642–653. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.12.058.
McKinsey. 2019. “Modular construction: From projects to products.” Accessed April 20, 2022. https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/capital-projects-and-infrastructure/our-insights/modular-construction-from-projects-to-products.
Mills, S., D. Grove, and M. Egan. 2015. “Breaking the pre-fabricated ceiling: Challenging the limits for modular high-rise.” In Proc., CTBUH Int. Conf., 416–425. Chicago: Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat.
Mortice, Z. 2019. “Tim-ber! Builders herald the coming wave of mass-timber construction.” Redshift by Autodesk. Accessed April 20, 2022. https://www.autodesk.com/redshift/mass-timber-construction.
Murray-Parkes, J., Y. Bai, A. Styles, and A. Wang. 2017. Handbook for the design of modular structures, modular construction codes board. Monash, Australia: Monash Univ.
Nester, T. M., A. G. Haddow, S. W. Shaw, J. E. Brevick, and V. J. Borowski. 2003. Vibration reduction in a variable displacement engine using pendulum absorbers. Warrendale, PA: SAE International.
Pan, W., Y. Yang, and L. Yang. 2018. “High-rise modular building: Ten-year journey and future development.” In Proc., Construction Research Congress, 523–532. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Pang, D. S., J. R. Liew, Z. Dai, and Y. Wang. 2016. “Prefabricated prefinished volumetric construction joining techniques review.” In Proc., Modular and Offsite Construction (MOC) Summit, 249–256. Edmonton, AB, Canada: Univ. of Alberta.
Park, H. K., and J. H. Ock. 2015. “Unit modular in-fill construction method for high-rise buildings.” KSCE J. Civ. Eng. 20 (4): 1201–1210. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-015-0198-2.
Park, K. S., J. Moon, S. S. Lee, K. W. Bae, and C. W. Roeder. 2016. “Embedded steel column-to-foundation connection for a modular structural system.” Eng. Struct. 110 (Mar): 244–257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2015.11.034.
Piqueras-Blasco, M. 2021. “Vertical growing as an opportunity for reactivating historical quarters.” ArchiDOCT 8 (2): 33–46.
Puthli, R., and J. A. Packer. 2013. “Structural design using cold-formed hollow sections.” Steel Constr. 6 (2): 150–157. https://doi.org/10.1002/stco.201310013.
Qi, Y., H. Fang, H. Shi, W. Liu, Y. Qi, and Y. Bai. 2017. “Bending performance of GFRP-wood sandwich beams with lattice-web reinforcement in flatwise and sidewise directions.” Constr. Build. Mater. 156 (Dec): 532–545. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.08.136.
Ro, K. M., M. S. Kim, C. G. Cho, and Y. H. Lee. 2021. “An experimental study on the flexural behavior of precast concrete modular beam systems using inserted steel plates.” Appl. Sci. 11 (9): 3931. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11093931.
Salama, T., A. Salah, and O. Moselhi. 2017. “Configuration of hybrid modular construction for residential buildings.” Int. J. Innovation Manage. Technol. 8 (2): 106–112. https://doi.org/10.18178/ijimt.2017.8.2.712.
Sanches, R., and O. Mercan. 2019. “Vertical post-tensioned connection for modular steel buildings.” In Proc., 12th Canadian Conf. on Earthquake Engineering. Vancouver, BC, Canada: Canadian Association for Earthquake Engineering.
Sanches, R., O. Mercan, and B. Roberts. 2018. “Experimental investigations of vertical post-tensioned connection for modular steel structures.” Eng. Struct. 175 (Nov): 776–789. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.08.049.
Sanches, R., J. Tao, A. Fathieh, and O. Mercan. 2021. “Investigation of the seismic performance of braced low-, mid-and high-rise modular steel building prototypes.” Eng. Struct. 234 (May): 111986. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2021.111986.
Satasivam, S., Y. Bai, Y. Yang, L. Zhu, and X. L. Zhao. 2018. “Mechanical performance of two-way modular FRP sandwich slabs.” Compos. Struct. 184 (Jan): 904–916. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2017.10.026.
Sezen, H., and M. Shamsai. 2008. “High-strength concrete columns reinforced with prefabricated cage system.” J. Struct. Eng. 134 (5): 750–757. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2008)134:5(750).
Shang, G., L. S. Pheng, and O. L. T. Gina. 2021. “Understanding the low adoption of prefabrication prefinished volumetric construction (PPVC) among SMEs in Singapore: From a change management perspective.” Int. J. Build. Pathol. Adapt. 39 (5): 685–701. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJBPA-08-2020-0070.
Sharafi, P., M. Mortazavi, B. Samali, and H. Ronagh. 2018. “Interlocking system for enhancing the integrity of multi-story modular buildings.” Autom. Constr. 85 (Jan): 263–272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2017.10.023.
Shil, P., S. Singhal, and A. Chourasia. 2021. “Seismic performance assessment of reinforced concrete building with precast shear wall.” In Seismic hazards and risk, 95–107. Singapore: Springer.
Singhal, S., and A. Chourasia. 2019. “Seismic resistance of precast reinforced concrete shear wall: Experimental and analytical study.” In Proc., 8th Int. Engineering Symp. Kumamoto, Japan: Kumamoto Univ.
Singhal, S., A. Chourasia, S. Chellappa, and J. Parashar. 2019. “Precast reinforced concrete shear walls: State of the art review.” Struct. Concr. 20 (3): 886–898. https://doi.org/10.1002/suco.201800129.
Singhal, S., A. Chourasia, Y. Kajale, and D. Singh. 2021a. “Behaviour of precast reinforced concrete structural wall systems subjected to in-plane lateral loading.” Eng. Struct. 241 (Aug): 112474. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2021.112474.
Singhal, S., A. Chourasia, S. K. Panigrahi, and Y. Kajale. 2021b. “Seismic response of precast reinforced concrete wall subjected to cyclic in-plane and constant out-of-plane loading.” Front. Struct. Civ. Eng. 15 (5): 1128–1143. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11709-021-0753-5.
Smith, R. E. 2011. Prefab architecture: A guide to modular design and construction. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Srisangeerthanan, S., M. J. Hashemi, P. Rajeev, E. Gad, and S. Fernando. 2020. “Review of performance requirements for inter-module connections in multi-story modular buildings.” J. Build. Eng. 28 (Mar): 101087. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2019.101087.
Tam, V. W., C. M. Tam, S. X. Zeng, and W. C. Ng. 2007. “Towards adoption of prefabrication in construction.” Build. Environ. 42 (10): 3642–3654. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2006.10.003.
Thai, H. T., T. Ngo, and B. Uy. 2020. “A review on modular construction for high-rise buildings.” Structures 28 (Dec): 1265–1290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2020.09.070.
Wang, Y., J. Xia, R. Ma, B. Xu, and T. Wang. 2019. “Experimental study on the flexural behavior of an innovative modular steel building connection with installed bolts in the columns.” Appl. Sci. 9 (17): 3468. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9173468.
Wei, Y., D. F. Wang, J. Y. Liu, C. L. Yu, T. Cheng, and D. G. Zhang. 2014. “Modularization technology development prospects.” Appl. Mech. Mater. 509 (Feb): 92–95. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.509.92.
Wenke, J. M., and C. W. Dolan. 2021. “Structural integrity of precast concrete modular construction.” PCI J. 66 (2): 58–70. https://doi.org/10.15554/pcij66.2-02.
WHO (World Health Organization). 2010. Hidden cities: Unmasking and overcoming health inequities in urban settings: Part one—The dawn of an urban world. Geneva: WHO.
Wuni, I. Y., G. Q. Shen, and R. Osei-Kyei. 2021. “Evaluating the critical success criteria for prefabricated prefinished volumetric construction projects.” J. Financ. Manage. Property Constr. 26 (2): 279–297. https://doi.org/10.1108/JFMPC-03-2020-0013.
Yuan, Z., C. Sun, and Y. Wang. 2018. “Design for manufacture and assembly-oriented parametric design of prefabricated buildings.” Autom. Constr. 88 (Apr): 13–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2017.12.021.
Zhang, J., and B. Khoshnevis. 2013. “Optimal machine operation planning for construction by Contour Crafting.” Autom. Constr. 29 (Jan): 50–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2012.08.006.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Practice Periodical on Structural Design and Construction
Volume 28 • Issue 1 • February 2023
Copyright
© 2022 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Published online: Dec 13, 2022
Published in print: Feb 1, 2023
Discussion open until: May 13, 2023
ASCE Technical Topics:
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.
Cited by
- Fangyun Xie, Xinyue Fu, Ruopeng Huang, Promoting the Application of Off-Site Construction in China’s Residential Building Industry from the Angle of Ecosystem, Systems, 10.3390/systems11030140, 11, 3, (140), (2023).