Simulation of Intermittent Water Distribution Networks by EPA-SWMM: Comparing Model Results and Field Experiments

In this paper, the EPA storm water management model (EPA-SWMM) was used for the simulation of intermittent water distribution systems (WDSs). The model was compared with field data collected during an experimental campaign carried out in the intermittent WDS of a small municipality in southern Italy. In a novel way compared to the literature, the whole cycle of operation of the WDS was simulated, including the filling, the distribution, and the emptying phases of the intermittent network. To improve the description of the hydraulics of the WDS during intermittent water supply, the modeling also included private tanks that are normally interposed between network pipes and end users. Comparison of model results and experimental observations concerned water levels at the reservoirs and pressures at specific nodes of the water distribution network (WDN) during some days of experiments characterized by different water supply modalities and water demand. Globally, the developed model proved capable of simulating correctly the whole cycle of intermittent operation of the WDN with an average RMSE between model and experiments of 0.1 m for water levels and 5.2 m for pressures. Simulations also made it possible to formulate preliminary considerations about equity in water resource distribution among users. The potential and limitations of the study are discussed and suggestions for future research steps made.