Assessing the Costs and Benefits of Green Infrastructure Plans Using Agent-Based Modeling and Scenario Analysis: Evaluating Social and Economic Values
Publication: Journal of Urban Planning and Development
Volume 150, Issue 4
Abstract
While green infrastructures (GIs) are used to address urban flooding and stormwater runoff and enhance sustainability, their implementation faces challenges such as limited funding and competing priorities. Existing studies generally focused on specific/individual GI practices, potentially overlooking the broader benefits or values of comprehensive GI plans that generally are interconnected networks of multiple GI practices. Thus, this paper developed an agent-based model to offer municipalities, planners, and decision makers a structured and systematic modeling approach to: (1) simulate the dynamic nature of GI implementation plans across spatial and temporal dimensions; (2) capture the interplay among regulations that govern GI plans; and (3) conduct scenario and sensitivity analyses to gain deeper insights into the various characteristics of GI plans under different scenarios. The proposed model considered different economic values of GI plans, including stormwater management, carbon sequestration, pollutant removal, energy cost savings, and increased property value, as well as the social values, such as the positive impact on nearby residents/communities. In addition, the developed model considered the following six GI practices: green roofs, rain gardens, community gardens, bioswales, permeable playgrounds, and permeable pavements. These GI practices were modeled across five submodels: school greening, private property greening, park greening, right-of-way property greening, and public housing properties greening. Scenario analysis was conducted to investigate the effect of financial limitations (i.e., funding priorities) on the model’s behavior under two scenarios. Finally, the developed model was statistically validated. The results showed that increasing the number of GIs does not guarantee an increase in their economic value, but rather the implementation of GIs should be well planned according to a priority plan. The findings also provided valuable insights into the importance of considering physical and institutional limitations. This paper contributes a practical workflow for evaluating the costs and benefits of GI programs.
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Data Availability Statement
All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in the published paper.
Acknowledgments
Part of the research in this publication is the result of research sponsored by the New Jersey Sea Grant Consortium (NJSGC) with funds from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Office of Sea Grant, U.S. Department of Commerce, under NOAA grant number NA21OAR4170479 and the NJSGC. The statements, findings, conclusions, and recommendations are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the NJSGC or the U.S. Department of Commerce. NJSG-23-1020.
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Published In
Journal of Urban Planning and Development
Volume 150 • Issue 4 • December 2024
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© 2024 American Society of Civil Engineers.
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Received: Apr 24, 2023
Accepted: Jun 27, 2024
Published online: Sep 12, 2024
Published in print: Dec 1, 2024
Discussion open until: Feb 12, 2025
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