Defining and Effectively Delineating the Peri-Urban Area: A Synthesis and Analysis from a Literature Review
Publication: Journal of Urban Planning and Development
Volume 149, Issue 3
Abstract
Peri-urban areas are neither urban nor rural in the conventional sense; and their conditions and issues are different from urban and rural areas, which mix both with complexities. Nowadays, there is no uniform definition for these areas, nor is there an unequivocal method for delineating them. It is therefore essential to define the peri-urban areas, in order to develop appropriate policies to manage and address these complicated issues. Hence, this paper reviews and evaluates the literature and applications that encompass fundamental theories to answer critical questions. The paper finds that the peri-urban area is a transition zone between urban and rural elements and mainly has transitional, “vacuum,” or complex characteristics. It confirms that quantitative delineation has become the primary means for defining the ranges of peri-urban areas. The research suggests that the data and appropriate analytical methods of quantitative delineation should be selected, to refer to the local characteristics of peri-urban areas. Furthermore, the ranges of peri-urban areas can be delineated based on data collection and integrated analysis from the dimensions of social order, economic development, environmental resource, and administrative governance. Appropriate methods help improve the accuracy of defining these peri-urban areas, helping to supplement development strategies and decision-making processes.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
Allen, A., J. D. Dávila, and P. Hofmann. 2006. “The peri-urban water poor: Citizens or consumers?” Environ. Urban. 18: 333. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956247806069608.
Amirinejad, G., P. Donehue, and D. Baker. 2018. “Ambiguity at the peri-urban interface in Australia.” Land Use Policy 78: 472. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.07.022.
Aziz, A., M. M. Anwar, M. Majeed, S. Fatima, S. S. Mehdi, W. M. Mangrio, A. Elbouzidi, M. Abdullah, S. Shaukat, and N. Zahid. 2023. “Quantifying landscape and social amenities as ecosystem services in rapidly changing peri-urban landscape.” Land 12: 477. https://doi.org/10.3390/land12020477.
Bartelmus, P. 1994. Environment, growth, and development: The concepts and strategies of sustainability. London: Routledge.
Bian, Z., and X. Wang. 2015. “Urban fringes extension by using GIS and RS in Shenyang.” J. Shenyang Agric. Univ. 46: 316.
Bryant, C., and L. Russwurm. 1982. “North American farmland protection strategies in retrospect.” GeoJournal 6: 501. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00425313.
Buxton, M., R. Carey, and K. Phelan. 2016. “The role of peri-urban land use planning in resilient urban agriculture: A case study of Melbourne, Australia.” Balanced Urban Dev.: Options Strategies Liveable Cities 72: 153. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28112-4_10.
Cai, D., M. Li, Z. Chen, W. Wei, and W. Hu. 2010. “A method of division of urban fringe based on message entropy: A case study in Nanjing city.” Sci. Surv. Mapp. 35: 106–109. https://doi.org/10.1109/URS.2009.5137553.
Carter, H., and S. Wheatley. 1979. “Fixation lines and fringe belts, land uses and social areas: Nineteenth-century change in the small town.” Trans. Inst. Br. Geogr. 4 (2): 214–238.
Chao, G., Y. Miu, and T. Liu. 2009. “Spatial division method of urban fringe based on industrial activities.” Geogr. Res. 28: 771–775.
Chen, F., G. Chen, H. Bao, and B. Beng. 2001. “Analysis on land use change and human driving force in urban fringe.” J. Nat. Resour. 16: 204.
Chen, Y. 1995. “Debate on the name of the urban–rural fringe.” Geogr. Geogr. Inf. Sci. 11: 47.
Cheng, L., and H. Zhao. 1995. “Discussion on the city’s border area of Beijing.” J. Beijing Normal Univ. 31: 127.
Cheng, Z., H. Wang, L. Wang, and J. Lin. 2018. “Mix leading to success? Exploring the innovative development model in peri-urban China.” Habitat Int. 82: 1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2018.10.005.
Converse, P. D. 1949. “New laws of retail gravitation.” J. Mark. 14: 379. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224295001400303.
Conzen, M. R. G. 1960. Alnwick, Northumberland: A study in town-plan analysis. London: Transactions and Papers (Institute of British Geographers).
Countryside Agency Great Britain. 2005. The countryside in and around towns: A vision for connecting town and country in the pursuit of sustainable development. Great Britain: Countryside Agency.
Dadashpoor, H., and S. Ahani. 2019. “Land tenure-related conflicts in peri-urban areas: A review.” Land Use Policy 85: 218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.03.051.
D’Alessandro, C., K. T. Hanson, and G. Kararach. 2018. “Peri-urban agriculture in Southern Africa: Miracle or mirage?” Afr. Geogr. Rev. 37: 49. https://doi.org/10.1080/19376812.2016.1229629.
Danielaini, T. T., B. Maheshwari, and D. Hagare. 2018. “Defining rural–urban interfaces for understanding ecohydrological processes in West Java, Indonesia: Part II. Its application to quantify rural–urban interface ecohydrology.” Ecohydrol. Hydrobiol. 18: 37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecohyd.2017.11.007.
Darwin, I. S., H. Winarso, and D. Zulkaidi. 2019. “The role of customary land ownership in land-use conversion in the peri-urban of Bukittinggi, Indonesia.” Bijdragen tot de taal-, land- en volkenkunde 2019: 533. https://doi.org/10.1163/22134379-17504002.
De Las Rivas Sanz, J. L., and M. Fernández-Maroto. 2019. “Planning strategies for a resilient urban fringe in three medium-sized Spanish cities.” Plann. Perspect. 34: 725. https://doi.org/10.1080/02665433.2019.1588154.
Desai, A., and S. S. Gupta. 1987. “Problems of changing of land use pattern in the urban fringe: The case of Ahmedabad.” In Perspectives in urban geography: Rural–urban fringe. New Delhi, India: Concept Publishing Company.
Errington, A. 1994. “The peri-urban fringe: Europe’s forgotten rural areas.” J. Rural Stud. 10: 367. https://doi.org/10.1016/0743-0167(94)90046-9.
Fan, Y., and L. Wang. 2021. “Research on rural planning strategies in peri-urban areas under the background of ecological constraints.” In Proc., 2020 China Urban Planning Annual Conf. Sichuan, China: Urban Planning Society of China.
Fei, X. 1992. From the soil, the foundations of Chinese society: A translation of Fei Xiaotong’s Xiangtu Zhongguo, with an introduction and epilogue. Berkeley, CA: Univ. of California.
Fesenmaier, D. R., M. F. Goodchild, and S. Morrison. 1979. “The spatial structure of the rural–urban fringe: A multivariate approach.” Can. Geogr. 23: 255. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-0064.1979.tb00661.x.
Friedmann, J., and J. Miller. 1965. “The urban field.” J. Am. Inst. Plann. 31: 312. https://doi.org/10.1080/01944366508978185.
Friedrichs, J., and H.-G. V. Rohr. 1975. Ein konzept der suburbanisierung, 25–37. Hannover, Germany: Beiträge zum Problem der Suburbanisierung.
Ge, D., and Y. Lu. 2021. “A strategy of the rural governance for territorial spatial planning in China.” J. Geog. Sci. 31: 1349. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11442-021-1900-6.
George, L. A. 1994. “Planning and managing the urban fringe landscape.” Ekistics 61: 100.
Glaeser, E. L., and M. E. Kahn. 2004. “Sprawl and urban growth.” Handb. Reg. Urban Econ. 4: 2481–2527. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1574-0080(04)80013-0.
Golledge, R. G. 1960. “Sydney’s metropolitan fringe: A study in urban–rural relations.” Aust. Geogr. 7: 243. https://doi.org/10.1080/00049186008702353.
Gonçalves, J., M. Gomes, and S. Ezequiel. 2017a. “Defining mobility patterns in peri-urban areas: A contribution for spatial and transport planning policy.” Case Stud. Transp. Policy 5: 643. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cstp.2017.07.009.
Gonçalves, J., M. C. Gomes, S. Ezequiel, F. Moreira, and I. Loupa-Ramos. 2017b. “Differentiating peri-urban areas: A transdisciplinary approach towards a typology.” Land Use Policy 63: 331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2017.01.041.
Gottero, E., F. Larcher, and C. Cassatella. 2023. “Defining and regulating peri-urban areas through a landscape planning approach: The case study of Turin Metropolitan Area (Italy).” Land (Basel) 12: 217.
Gross, J. S., L. Ye, and R. Legates. 2014. “Asia and the pacific rim: The new peri-urbanization and urban theory.” J. Urban Aff. 36: 309. https://doi.org/10.1111/juaf.12109.
Gu, C., T. Chen, J. Ding, and W. Yu. 1993. “The study of the urban fringes in Chinese megalopolises.” Acta Geogr. Sin. 48: 317.
Gu, S., and K. Zhang. 2009. “On the urban fringe land-use problems and countermeasures research.” Hunan Agric. Mach. 5: 109–111.
He, P., Y. Wang, M. Gao, and G. Yan. 2014. “Problems and suggestions for ecological economy development of Harbin urban fringe.” Territory Nat. Resour Study 33HE, X. Research on Chinese path of urbanization and modernization. China Rural Survey 1: 4–12.
Heikkila, E. J., T.-Y. Shen, and K.-Z. Yang. 2003. “Fuzzy urban sets: Theory and application to desakota regions in China.” Environ. Plann. B: Plann. Des. 30: 239. https://doi.org/10.1068/b12820.
Honda, R., Y. Hara, M. Sekiyama, and A. Hiramatsu. 2010. “Impacts of housing development on nutrients flow along canals in a peri-urban area of Bangkok, Thailand.” Water Sci. Technol. 61: 1073. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.529.
Howard, E. S. 1919. Garden cities of to-morrow being the second edition of “to-morrow: A peaceful path to real reform”. Salt Lake City, UT: Project Gutenberg.
Huang, B., X. Shi, D. Yu, I. Öborn, K. Blombäck, T. F. Pagella, H. Wang, W. Sun, and F. L. Sinclair. 2006. “Environmental assessment of small-scale vegetable farming systems in peri-urban areas of the Yangtze River Delta Region, China.” Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 112: 391. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2005.08.037.
Huang, H., and Y. Tian. 2021. “Research on the protection and development of traditional villages in urban fringe areas: The case of Liren village, Zhaoqing.” Smart Buildings Smart Cities 294 (5): 36–37.
Hudalah, D., H. Winarso, and J. Woltjer. 2016. “Gentrifying the peri-urban: Land use conflicts and institutional dynamics at the frontier of an Indonesian metropolis.” Urban Stud. 53: 593. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098014557208.
Ingwani, E. 2019. “Are peri-urban land transactions a disaster in the making? A case of Domboshava, Zimbabwe.” Jamba 11 (3): 708.
Jacobs, J. 1962. The death and life of great American cities. London: Jonathan Cape.
Jiang, L., X. Nie, and E. Liu. 2003. “Analysis on the spatial structure of urban land use in Jinan city.” Econ. Geogr. 23: 4.
Jin, G., X. Deng, X. Zhao, B. Guo, and J. Yang. 2018. “Spatiotemporal patterns in urbanization efficiency within the Yangtze River Economic Belt between 2005 and 2014.” J. Geog. Sci. 28: 1113. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11442-018-1545-2.
Jones, G. W. 1988. “Urbanization trends in Southeast Asia: Some issues for policy.” J. Southeast Asian Stud. 19: 137. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022463400000370.
Kalfas, D. G., D. T. Zagkas, E. I. Dragozi, and T. D. Zagkas. 2020. “Estimating value of the ecosystem services in the urban and peri-urban green of a town Florina-Greece, using the CVM.” Int. J. Sustainable Dev. World Ecol. 27: 310. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504509.2020.1714786.
Kassis, G., N. Bertrand, and B. Pecqueur. 2021. “Rethinking the place of agricultural land preservation for the development of food systems in planning of peri-urban areas: Insights from two French municipalities.” J. Rural Studi. 86: 366. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2021.07.003.
Kew, B., and B. D. Lee. 2013. “Measuring sprawl across the urban rural continuum using an amalgamated sprawl index.” Sustainability (Basel, Switzerland) 5: 1806.
Lesage, J. P., and J. S. Charles. 2008. “Using home buyers’ revealed preferences to define the urban–rural fringe.” J. Geogr. Syst. 10: 1. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10109-007-0055-z.
Li, C., S. Wang, X. Lu, X. Wang, and Y. Zhao. 2012. “Explore basic method to classify urban fringe.” J. Cent. China Norm. Univ. Nat. Sci. 46: 239–244.
Li, H., and X. Chen. 2021. “Research on the development strategy of traditional villages in the urban fringe area based on the theory of symbiosis.” In Proc., 2020 China Urban Planning Annual Conf. Sichuan, China: Urban Planning Society of China.
Li, J. 2022. “Research on rural public space design in urban fringe under the background of urban–rural integration.” J. Anhui Agric. Univ. 31.
Li, S. 2005. “Study on evolution mechanism and development strategies of metropolitan fringes.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Mechanical Design and Manufacturing, Faculty of Engineering, China Agricultural Univ.
Li, S., and R. Bai. 2005. “Determination of zone feature in fringe of a big city based on fuzzy overall evaluation.” J. China Agric. Univ. 10: 99.
Li, Z., and W. Zhang. 2008. “Landscape ecological problems and countermeasures of the famous scenic area in urban fringe.” Chin. Garden 2: 80.
Lin, J., X. Tang, F. Huang, and C. Miao. 2007. “Spatial identification and land use of urban–rural linage area: A case study on Beijing’s centre city.” Urban Plann. 31: 36.
Lincaru, C., and D. Atanasiu. 2014. “Periurban areas and population density clustering model.” Rom. J. Reg. Sci. 8 (2): 29–44.
Liu, S., and Y. Jin. 2013. “Urban fringe area definition and space empirical research based on many factor analysis.” Acad. Contention 89: 88–89.
Liu, Y. 2006. “Demarcation of urban fringe.” J. Zhuzhou Teachers Coll. 11: 34.
Louis, H. 1936. Die geographische Gliederung vom Gross-Berlin. Munchen, Germany: Bayerische Staatsbibliothek.
Lu, Y. 2019. Expansion of urban agglomerations in Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay area based on nighttime light data. Guangdong, China: Guangdong Univ. of Technology.
Macgregor-Fors, I. 2010. “How to measure the urban-wildland ecotone: Redefining ‘peri-urban’ areas.” Ecol. Res. 25: 883. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11284-010-0717-z.
Mark, F. 2000. “The rural–urban fringe in the late twentieth century.” Agric. Hist. 74: 502. https://doi.org/10.1215/00021482-74.2.502.
Melo, V. D. P., and P. Jenkins. 2021. “Peri-urban expansion in the Maputo city region: Land access and middle-class advances.” J. South. Afr. Stud. 47: 541. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057070.2021.1939499.
Merciu, F.-C., I. Marvu, O. B. Iliescu, and G.-L. Merciu. 2019. “Delineation of the urban influence area using the multi-criteria assessment method. The case of Focşani city, Romania.” J. Settlements Spatial Plann. 10: 13. https://doi.org/10.24193/JSSP.2019.1.02.
Mortoja, M. G., and T. Yigitcanlar. 2022. “Why is determining peri-urban area boundaries critical for sustainable urban development?” J. Environ. Plann. Manage. 66: 67. https://doi.org/10.1080/09640568.2021.1978405.
Mortoja, M. G., T. Yigitcanlar, and S. Mayere. 2020. “What is the most suitable methodological approach to demarcate peri-urban areas? A systematic review of the literature.” Land Use Policy 95: 104601. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.104601.
Mustak, S., N. K. Baghmar, P. K. Srivastava, S. K. Singh, and R. Binolakar. 2018. “Delineation and classification of rural–urban fringe using geospatial technique and onboard DMSP-operational Linescan system.” Geocarto Int. 33: 375. https://doi.org/10.1080/10106049.2016.1265594.
Narain, V. 2021. Water security, conflict and cooperation in peri-urban south Asia: Flows across boundaries. New York: Springer Nature.
Nguyen. 2023. Law and precarity: Legal consciousness and daily survival in Vietnam. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Ouyang, Y. 2023. “The value cognition and development strategy of urban fringe: A case of Taihu science city area of Suzhou high-rech zone.” Urbanism Archit. 20: 5.
Pan, W. 2012. Research on the disadvantaged employment status of the new migrant workers and paths to improve these. Beijing: CASS Graduate School.
Park, R. E. 1915. “The city: Suggestions for the investigation of human behavior in the city environment.” Am. J. Sociol. 20: 577. https://doi.org/10.1086/212433.
Paul, J. D. 2017. “The limits of London.” Int. J. Urban Sci. 21: 41. https://doi.org/10.1080/12265934.2016.1226940.
Petrovici, N., F. Poenaru, and C. Mare. 2023. “‘Exploded urbanism’: Processes of peri-urban formation in Romania.” Cities 135: 104218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2023.104218.
Pryor, R. J. 1968. “Defining the rural–urban fringe.” Social Forces 47: 202. https://doi.org/10.2307/2575150.
Qian, J., Y. Zhou, and X. Yang. 2007. “Definition of the urban–rural fringe based on remote sensing and information entropy.” Resour. Environ. Yangtze River Basin 16: 451.
Qiao, X., L. Yang, L. Duan, Z. Liu, and X. Hong. 2017. “Extraction of urban fringe zone in Zhengzhou based on landsat8 sequence images.” Computer Era 300 (6): 47–50.
Qviström, M. 2007. “Landscapes out of order: Studying the inner urban fringe beyond the rural–urban divide.” Geogr. Ann. Ser. B Hum. Geogr. 89: 269. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0467.2007.00253.x.
Randhawa, P., and F. Marshall. 2014. “Policy transformations and translations: Lessons for sustainable water management in peri-urban Delhi, India.” Environ. Plann. C Gov. Policy 32: 93. https://doi.org/10.1068/c10204.
Ren, L., D. Ye, and M. Zhou. 2009. “On the sustainable development of urban fringe areas under the background of economic transformation.” China Collective Econ. 42: 42–43.
Shannon, C. E. 1948. “A mathematical theory of communication.” Bell Syst. Tech. J. 27: 623. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1538-7305.1948.tb00917.x.
Shao, X., and Y. Zhang. 2022. “Resilient transition: Study on the governance model of urban fringe.” J. Chengdu Inst. Public Admin. 10: 56–64.
Singh, V., B. Thoradeniya, and B. Maheshwari. 2016. “Balanced urban development : Options and strategies For liveable cities.” Water Sci. Technol. Lib. 72: 1.
Snep, R. P. H., P. F. M. Opdam, J. M. Baveco, M. F. Wallisdevries, W. Timmermans, R. G. M. Kwak, and V. Kuypers. 2006. “How peri-urban areas can strengthen animal populations within cities: A modeling approach.” Biol. Conserv. 127: 345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2005.06.034.
Spyra, M., J. Kleemann, N. C. Calo, A. Schuermann, and C. Furst. 2021. “Protection of peri-urban open spaces at the level of regional policy-making: Examples from six European regions.” Land Use Policy 107: 105480. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2021.105480.
Sutton, P. C., T. J. Cova, and C. D. Elvidge. 2006. “Mapping ‘exurbia’ in the conterminous United States using nighttime satellite imagery.” Geocarto Int. 21: 39. https://doi.org/10.1080/10106040608542382.
Sutton, P. C., A. R. Goetz, S. Fildes, C. Forster, and T. Ghosh. 2010. “Darkness on the edge of town: Mapping urban and peri-urban Australia using nighttime satellite imagery.” Prof. Geogr. 62: 119. https://doi.org/10.1080/00330120903405006.
Tan, M., S. Ran, and S. Ma. 2010. “The environmental problems in urban fringes of the metropolitan area and the countermeasures.” Prog. Geogr. 29: 422.
Thomas, D. 1990. “The edge of the city.” Trans.- Inst. Br. Geogr. 15: 131. https://doi.org/10.2307/622860.
Tian, L. 2015. “Land use dynamics driven by rural industrialization and land finance in the peri-urban areas of China: ‘The examples of Jiangyin and Shunde.’” Land Use Policy 45: 117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2015.01.006.
Tian, L., B. Q. Ge, and Y. F. Li. 2017. “Impacts of state-led and bottom-up urbanization on land use change in the peri-urban areas of Shanghai: Planned growth or uncontrolled sprawl?” Cities 60: 476. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2016.01.002.
Torre, A., and B. Fonseca. 2023. “Conflict and oppositions in the development of peri-urban agriculture: The case of the Greater São Paulo region.” Sociol. Ruralis 63: 160. https://doi.org/10.1111/soru.12375.
UN (United Nations). 2018. World urbanization prospects. New York: UN.
Walters, G., et al. 2016. “Peri-urban conservation in the Mondah forest of Libreville, Gabon: Red List assessments of endemic plant species, and avoiding protected area downsizing.” Oryx 50: 419. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605315000204.
Wang, H., X. Zhang, and Y. Zhao. 2010a. “On determination methods for urban edge regions based on logistic regression model.” Bull. Surv. Mapp. 7: 7–10.
Wang, J. 2008. “The city fringe area village landscape ecology constructs ponder.” Shanxi Archit. 34: 56.
Wang, X., L. I. X, and Z. Feng. 2010b. “Methods of urban fringe definition in Beijing based on TM image.” Remote Sens. Inf. 4: 100.
Wehrwein, G. S. 1942. “The rural–urban fringe.” Econ. Geogr. 18: 217. https://doi.org/10.2307/141123.
Whitehand, J. W. R. 1967. “Fringe belts: A neglected aspect of urban geography.” Trans. Inst. Br. Geogr. 41: 223–233.
Wissink, G. A. 1962. American cities in perspective: With special reference to the development of their fringe areas. Assen, Netherlands: Vangorcum.
Wubie, A. M., W. T. De Vries, and B. K. Alemie. 2020. “A socio-spatial analysis of land Use dynamics and process of land intervention in the peri-urban areas of Bahir Dar City.” Land (Basel) 9: 445.
Yan, L., and C. Zhou. 2005. “The review and outlook on urban–rural fringe studies in China.” Urban Dev. Res. 12: 25.
Yan, Q., Q. Zhu, X. Wang, and S. Tao. 2021. “Identification and analysis of urban fringe area in Linyi city based on POI data.” In Proc., 2021 China Urban Planning Annual Conf. Sichuan, China: Urban Planning Society of China.
Yang, N. 2021. “Research on the renewal of small towns in the peri-urban areas of big cities from the perspective of urban–rural integration.” In Proc., 2021 China Urban Planning Annual Conf. Sichuan, China: Urban Planning Society of China.
Yong, Y., S. Guo, and Y. Zhang. 2011. “A review of researches on the urban fringe.” Urban Plann. J. 4: 93–100.
Zadeh, L. A. 1965. “Fuzzy sets.” Inf. Control 8: 338. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0019-9958(65)90241-X.
Zhang, H. Q., K. Chong, and J. Ap. 1999a. “An analysis of tourism policy development in modern China.” Tourism Manage. 20: 471. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(99)00020-5.
Zhang, J., and X. Xu. 1999. “Viewing urban sustainable development from the land use in the urban and rural fringe.” Urban Plann. Trans. 15: 15–19.
Zhang, N., L. Fang, J. Zhou, J. Song, and J. Jiang. 2010. “The study on spatial expansion and its driving forces in the urban fringe of Beijing.” Geogr. Res. 3: 471–480.
Zhang, W., X. Fang, and L. Zhang. 1999b. “Method to identify the urban–rural fringe by TM images.” J. Remote Sens. 3: 199.
Zhang, X. 2011. “An environmental sociological interpretation of environmental pollution in the suburbs.” Dev. Strategy 2: 46.
Zhao, Z., and J. Chen. 1996. “Research on land use in the urban–rural fringe.” J. Henan Univ. 26: 67.
Zhong, S., and Z. Yang. 2004. “Study on the eco-environmental effects of land use change in urban fringe.” In Proc., Symp. on Land Change Science and Ecological Construction of the Chinese Geographical Society. Qinghai, China: The Commercial Press.
Zhou, X., Y. Liu, and H. Yang. 2017. “Spatial recognition and boundary division of urban fringe areas in Xi’an.” Chin. J. Geo-Inf. Sci. 19 (10): 1327–1335.
Zhuang, C., X. Li, S. Lan, and Y. Zhang. 2016. “Analysis and evaluation of the cultural landscape of traditional villages in the north of Fujian.” J. Fujian Agric. For. Univ. 19: 25.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Urban Planning and Development
Volume 149 • Issue 3 • September 2023
Copyright
© 2023 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Dec 6, 2022
Accepted: May 15, 2023
Published online: Jul 6, 2023
Published in print: Sep 1, 2023
Discussion open until: Dec 6, 2023
ASCE Technical Topics:
- Bibliographies
- Business management
- Data analysis
- Data collection
- Economic factors
- Engineering fundamentals
- Geography
- Geomatics
- Information management
- Infrastructure
- Methodology (by type)
- Practice and Profession
- Research methods (by type)
- Rural areas
- Social factors
- Terminology and definition
- Urban and regional development
- Urban areas
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.