The Function of Urban Green Space in Avoiding Disasters in Central Shanghai, China
Publication: Journal of Urban Planning and Development
Volume 149, Issue 3
Abstract
Urban green space is an essential green infrastructure and spatial guarantee for sustainable development in Shanghai, China. Additionally, its spatial layout’s rationality directly influences the city’s disaster prevention and reduction effect. To use the buffer analysis method, this study selected the ArcGIS 9.0 software platform for making a quantitative analysis of disaster-proof green space service capacity in downtown Shanghai based on relevant construction standards and specifications. The results showed the following: (1) the distribution pattern of disaster-proof green space in downtown Shanghai is less homogeneously distributed in the central area but more homogeneously distributed in the edge area; (2) the service area of all disaster-proof green spaces in the central urban area of Shanghai accounted for 85.07% of the total area, with a service population of 12,516,600. Less than 15% of the area was still uncovered, meaning 2,196,700 people were unserved. These results suggest that the buffer radius of disaster-avoidance green space reaches 400 m. It covers the largest area and serves the largest population, accounting for more than 50% of the central urban area. The mismatch between urban green space distribution and population distribution patterns affected the service effect difference of green space for disaster avoidance. Therefore, new urban green spaces, stadiums, school playgrounds, and other open spaces could be added to enhance the (emergency) urban disaster avoidance ability of central urban areas; (3) the whole central urban area should form an urban mesh disaster avoidance system by combining points, lines, and surfaces with emergency and temporary shelters as first-level disaster avoidance points, fixed and central shelters as second-level disaster avoidance points, urban branch roads and secondary roads as disaster avoidance channels, and expressways and main urban roads as disaster-relief channels.
Practical Applications
Urban green space is an essential green infrastructure and space guarantee for sustainable urban development. The rationality of urban green space layout directly influences urban disaster prevention and reduction. With the acceleration of the current urbanization process, urban population size and building density are increasing, and the open urban green space enjoyed by residents is sharply reducing, making it difficult to realize the disaster avoidance function of urban green space. Therefore, a quantitative analysis of urban green space disaster prevention and disaster avoidance function has become essential for domestic and foreign urban green space disaster prevention and mitigation work. The evaluation of the disaster avoidance function of urban green space in this study can provide a crucial scientific basis and theoretical reference for urban planners to rationally lay out urban emergency shelters (green space) and formulate effective emergency disaster reduction countermeasures.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
Conceptualization, Z.W. and C.X.; methodology, X.D. and C.X.; software, Z.W. and C.X.; validation, X.L., X.G. and L.W.; formal analysis, F.Z. and H.D.; investigation, Z.W. and X.D.; data curation, Z.W., D.Y., and C.X.; writing—original draft preparation, Z.W., D.J., and L.W.; writing—review and editing, J.Z.; visualization, Z.W. and X.D. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 31901210), the National Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program for College Students (202210447024), the Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program for College Students of Shandong Province (S202210447040), the Liaocheng University Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program (CXCY2022016, CXCY2022092, and CXCY2022372), and the doctoral research project of Liaocheng University (318052123).
References
Ahn, T. M., H. S. Choi, I. H. Kim, and H. J. Cho. 1991. “A study on the method of measuring accessibility to urban open spaces.” J. Korean Inst. Landscape Archit. 18: 17–28.
Ambrey, C. L. 2016. “Urban green space, physical activity and wellbeing: The moderating role of perceptions of neighbourhood affability and incivility.” Land Use Policy 57: 638–644. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2016.06.034.
Chun, M. C. 2003. Study on effects of resident-perceived neighborhood boundaries on public services accessibility and its relation to utilization: Using geographic information system, focusing on the case of public parks in Austin, Texas. Austin, TX: Texas A&M Univ.
Cohen, P., O. Potchter, and I. Schnell. 2014. “A methodological approach to the environmental quantitative assessment of urban parks.” Appl. Geogr. 48: 87–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2014.01.006.
Comber, A., C. Brunsdon, and E. Green. 2008. “Using a GIS-based network analysis to determine urban green space accessibility for different ethnic and religious groups.” Landscape Urban Plann. 86: 103–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2008.01.002.
Coulbourne, W. L., E. S. Tezak, and T. P. McAllister. 2002. “Design guidelines for community shelters for extreme wind events.” J. Archit. Eng. 8 (2): 69–77. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1076-0431(2002)8:2(69).
Dai, S. Z., L. He, and Y. Shu. 2013. “Problem analysis of planning and construction on emergency disaster mitigation shelter in Shanghai.” Urban Plann. Shangha 40 (4): 40–43.
Flüchter, W. 2003. “Tokyo before the next earthquake: Agglomeration-related risks, town planning and disaster prevention.” Town Plann. Rev. 74 (2): 213–238. https://doi.org/10.3828/tpr.74.2.4.
Georgiana, L. H., A. Kien, K. A. Hua, and R. Peng. 2007. “Leveraging e-transportation in real-time traffic evacuation management.” Electron. Commer. Res. Appl. 6 (4): 413–424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elerap.2006.12.002.
Ghanbari, A., and M. Ghanbari. 2012. “Assessing spatial distribution of Tabriz Parks by GIS (compared network analysis and buffering).” Geogr. Environ. Plann. J. 1: 57–60.
Herzele, A. V., and T. Wiedemann. 2003. “Assessing spatial distribution of Tabriz Parks by GIS (compared network analysis and buffering).” Landscape Urban Plann. 63 (2): 109–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-2046(02)00192-5.
Hillsman, E. L., and R. Rhoda. 1978. “Errors in measuring distances from populations to service centers.” Ann. Reg. Sci. 12 (3): 74–88. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01286124.
Hodgson, M. J., F. Shmulevitz, and M. Körkel. 2010. “Aggregation error effects on the discrete-space p-median model: The case of Edmonton, Canada.” Can. Geogr. 41 (4): 415–428. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-0064.1997.tb01324.x.
Jared, H., E. S. Karen, and H. John. 2002. “Measuring neighborhood spatial accessibility to urban amenities: Does aggregation error matter?” Environ. Plann. A 34: 1185–1206. https://doi.org/10.1068/a34171.
Jennifer, W., P. W. John, and J. Fehrenbach. 2005. “Parks and park funding in Los Angeles: An equity-mapping analysis.” Urban Geogr. 26: 4–35. https://doi.org/10.2747/0272-3638.26.1.4.
Jiang, R. 2012. Research on the emergency shelter plan of Chengdu under the background of urban–rural integration. Chengdu, China: Southwest Jiaotong Univ.
Jongman, R. 2008. “Ecological networks are an issue for all of US.” J. Landsc. Ecol. 1: 7–13.
Kar, B., and M. Hodgson. 2008. “A GIS-based model to determine site suitability of emergency evacuation shelters.” Trans. GIS 12 (2): 227–248. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9671.2008.01097.x.
Karen, E., N. Jared, and H. John. 2004. “Spatial accessibility and equity of playground in Edmonton, Canada.” Can. Geogr. 48 (3): 287–302. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0008-3658.2004.00061.x.
Kong, F. H., H. W. Yin, and N. Nakagoshi. 2007. “Using GIS and landscape metrics in the hedonic price modeling of the amenity value of urban green space—A case study in Jinan City, China.” Landscape Urban Plann. 79: 240–252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2006.02.013.
Konosu, A. 2002. “Reconstruction analysis for car-pedestrian accidents using a computer simulation model.” JSAE Rev. 23 (3): 357–363. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0389-4304(02)00196-0.
Leo, C. J., and R. L. Pretty. 1992. “Numerical simulation of macroscopic continuum traffic models.” Transp. Res. Part B Methodol. 26 (3): 207–220. https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-2615(92)90025-R.
Li, H. F., W. B. Chen, and W. He. 2015. “Planning of green space ecological network in urban areas: An example of Nanchang, China.” Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 12 (10): 12889–12904. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph121012889.
Lindsey, G., M. Maraj, and S. C. Kuan. 2001. “Access, equity, and urban greenways: An exploratory investigation.” Prof. Geogr. 3 (5): 332–346.
Luo, W., and F. Wang. 2003. “Measures of spatial accessibility to healthcare in a GIS environment: Synthesis and a case study in Chicago region.” Environ. Plann. B 30 (6): 865–884.
Maraj, M. 2010. “Access, equity, and urban greenways: An exploratory investigation.” Prof. Geogr. 3 (3): 332–346.
McConnachie, M. M., and M. C. Shackleton. 2010. “Public green space inequality in small towns in South Africa.” Habitat Int. 34: 244–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2009.09.009.
Nicholls, S. 2001. “Measuring the accessibility and equity of public parks: A case study using GIS.” Managing Leisure 6 (4): 201–219. https://doi.org/10.1080/13606710110084651.
Nicholls, S., and C. S. Shafer. 2001. “Measuring accessibility and equity in a local park system: The utility of geospatial technologies to park and recreation professionals.” J. Park Recreat. Administration 19 (4): 102–124.
Oh, K., and S. Jeong. 2007. “Assessing the spatial distribution of urban parks using GIS.” Landscape Urban Plann. 82 (1): 25–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2007.01.014.
Radke, J., and L. Mu. 2000. “Spatial decompositions, modeling and mapping service regions to predict access to social program.” Geogr. Inf. Sci. 6 (2): 105–112.
Rosa, D. L. 2014. “Accessibility to green spaces: GIS based indicators for sustainable planning in a dense urban context.” Ecol. Indic. 42: 122–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2013.11.011.
Seidler, R., K. Dietrich, S. Schweizer, K. S. Bawa, and S. Khaling. 2018. “Progress on integrating climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction for sustainable development pathways in South Asia: Evidence from six research projects.” Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduct. 31: 92–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2018.04.023.
Sheffi, Y., H. Mahmassani, and W. B. Powell. 1982. “A transportation network evacuation model.” Transp. Res. Part A Gen. 16 (3): 209–218. https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-2607(82)90022-X.
Sherali, H. D., T. B. Carter, and A. G. Hobeika. 1991. “A location-allocation model and algorithm for evacuation planning under hurricane flood conditions.” Transp. Res. Part B Methodol. 25 (6): 439–452. https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-2615(91)90037-J.
Su, Y., Y. Ma, and R. Liu. 2004. “Types, functions and disposition rules of the disaster prevention gardens in Japan.” [In Chinese.] World Inf. Earthquake Eng. 4: 27–29.
Talen, E. 1997. “The social equity of urban service distribution: An exploration of park access in Pueblo, Colorado, and Macon, Georgia.” Urban Geogr. 18: 521–541. https://doi.org/10.2747/0272-3638.18.6.521.
Talen, E., and L. Anselin. 1998. “Assessing spatial equity: An evaluation of measures of accessibility to public playground.” Environ. Plann. A 30: 595–613. https://doi.org/10.1068/a300595.
Thomas, J., and J. P. Johnson. 2003. “A network flow model for lane-based evacuation routing.” Transp. Res. Part A Policy Pract. 37 (7): 579–604. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0965-8564(03)00007-7.
Tian, Y. H., C. Y. Jim, and H. Q. Wang. 2014. “Assessing the landscape and ecological quality of urban green spaces in a compact city.” Landscape Urban Plann. 121: 97–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2013.10.001.
Wolf, K. L. 2003. “Ergonomics of the city: Green infrastructure and social benefits.” In Vol. 11 of Engineering Green: Proc., 11th National Urban Forest Conf., edited by C. Kollin, 110–115. Washington, DC: American Forests.
Xu, W., N. Okada, Y. Takeuch, and Y. Kajitani. 2007. “A diagnosis model for disaster shelter planning from the viewpoint of local people-case study of Nagata Ward in Kobe City, Hyogo Prefecture, Japan.” Disaster Prev. Res. Inst. Annu. B 50: 233–239.
Ye, M., J. Wang, Y. Liu, and S. Xu. 2008. “Study on refuge accessibility of park in inner-city of Shanghai based on GIS technique.” [In Chinese.] Geogr. Geo-Inf. Sci. 24 (7): 96–98.
Yin, H. W., and F. H. Kong. 2006. “Accessibility analysis of urban green space in Jinan.” [In Chinese.] J. Plant Ecol. 30 (1): 17–24. https://doi.org/10.17521/cjpe.2006.0003.
Zeigler, D. J., R. W. Perry, M. K. Lindell, and M. R. Greene. 1983. “Evacuation planning in emergency management.” Geogr. Rev. 73: 433–449. https://doi.org/10.2307/214666.
Zhang, L. J., Z. K. Yuan, J. E. Maddock, P. Zhang, Z. Q. Jiang, T. Lee, J. J. Zou, and Y. A. Lu. 2014. “Air quality and environmental protection concerns among residents in Nanchang, China.” Air Qual. Atmos. Health 7 (4): 441–448. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-014-0255-x.
Zhou, X. L., and Y. C. Wang. 2011. “Spatial-temporal dynamics of urban green space in response to rapid urbanization and greening policies.” Landscape Urban Plann. 100: 268–277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2010.12.013.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Urban Planning and Development
Volume 149 • Issue 3 • September 2023
Copyright
© 2023 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: May 29, 2022
Accepted: Feb 6, 2023
Published online: May 4, 2023
Published in print: Sep 1, 2023
Discussion open until: Oct 4, 2023
ASCE Technical Topics:
- Analysis (by type)
- Business management
- Construction engineering
- Construction methods
- Disaster risk management
- Disasters and hazards
- Engineering fundamentals
- Highway and road management
- Highway transportation
- Highways and roads
- Infrastructure
- Population projection
- Practice and Profession
- Quantitative analysis
- Sustainable development
- Transportation engineering
- Urban and regional development
- Urban areas
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.