Public Transit Passenger Profiling by Using Large-Scale Smart Card Data
Publication: Journal of Transportation Engineering, Part A: Systems
Volume 149, Issue 4
Abstract
The term “user persona” recently has become more popular and can reflect the characteristics and needs of each user. To analyze the individual characteristics of each passenger in order to better implement targeted transportation policies, a method to mine travel profiles from each passenger based on their smart card transaction records is proposed, mainly mining six labels of passengers: activity, loyalty, whether they are stable commuters, where they live, where they work, and how they prefer to travel. A case study was conducted in the Huitian area of Beijing, the largest community in Asia, which demonstrated the high practicality and accuracy of the passenger profiling method. The results show that 33.06% of passengers were given the stable commuter label and were more likely to have high activity and loyalty labels, whereas 66.94% of other passengers were more likely to have low activity and loyalty labels; 88.9% of passengers were given the residence label and 67.71% of stable commuters received the workplace label, with an accuracy rate of over 90% according to a travel survey. In addition, the application of passenger labels during the design of demand responsive transit (DRT) was discussed to illustrate how to use the labels to improve the efficiency of DRT. The proposed passenger profiling method is applicable to the data mining of passenger travel labels in a simple and accurate way, and can help public transport service providers and researchers to study individual passenger characteristics and provide a theoretical basis for transit network planning and personalization measures.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
Some or all data, models, or code generated or used during the study are available from the corresponding author by request (indicator calculation code and labels identification code).
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grant No. 2022JBMC056) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 71901018). All data used for this study were provided by the Beijing Transport Institute.
References
Alzahrani, H., and R. Alnanih. 2021. “Tool-based persona for designing user interfaces in healthcare.” Int. J. Comput. Appl. Technol. 66 (2): 219–230. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJCAT.2021.119770.
Amaya, M., R. Cruzat, and M. A. Munizaga. 2018. “Estimating the residence zone of frequent public transport users to make travel pattern and time use analysis.” J. Transp. Geogr. 66 (Jul): 330–339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2017.10.017.
Casas, R., R. Blasco Marín, A. Robinet, A. R. Delgado, A. R. Yarza, J. Mcginn, R. Picking, and V. Grout. 2008. “User modelling in ambient intelligence for elderly and disabled people.” In Proc., Int. Conf. on Computers for Handicapped Persons, 114–122. New York: Springer.
Chia, J., and J. B. Lee. 2020. “Extending public transit accessibility models to recognise transfer location.” J. Transp. Geogr. 82 (Aug): 102618. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2019.102618.
Cooper, A. 1999. The inmates are running the asylum. Indianapolis: Morgan Kaufmann Publishers.
Deschaintres, E., C. Morency, and M. Trépanier. 2019. “Analyzing transit user behavior with 51 weeks of smart card data.” Transp. Res. Rec. 2673 (6): 33–45. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361198119834917.
Egu, O., and P. Bonnel. 2020. “Investigating day-to-day variability of transit usage on a multimonth scale with smart card data. A case study in Lyon.” Travel Behav. Soc. 19 (Feb): 112–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tbs.2019.12.003.
Faroqi, H., M. Mesbah, and J. Kim. 2019. “Comparing sequential with combined spatiotemporal clustering of passenger trips in the public transit network using smart card data.” Math. Probl. Eng. 2019 (Dec): 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/5070794.
Gan, Z., M. Yang, T. Feng, and H. Timmermans. 2020. “Understanding urban mobility patterns from a spatiotemporal perspective: Daily ridership profiles of metro stations.” Transportation 47 (1): 315–336. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11116-018-9885-4.
Haldane, V., et al. 2019. “User preferences and persona design for an mhealth intervention to support adherence to cardiovascular disease medication in Singapore: A multi-method study.” JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 7 (5): e10465. https://doi.org/10.2196/10465.
Huang, A., Z. Dou, L. Qi, and L. Wang. 2020. “Flexible route optimization for demand-responsive public transit service.” J. Transp. Eng. A Syst. 146 (12): 04020132. https://doi.org/10.1061/JTEPBS.0000448.
Huang, J., D. Levinson, J. Wang, J. Zhou, and Z. Wang. 2018. “Tracking job and housing dynamics with smartcard data.” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 115 (50): 12710–12715. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1815928115.
Isa, W. A. R. W. M., I. M. Amin, and N. Ishak. 2018. “Designing mobile information architecture (IA) M-health learning application for traditional malay medicinal plants with medicinal properties using user persona.” Adv. Sci. Lett. 24 (1): 603–607. https://doi.org/10.1166/asl.2018.11769.
Jansen, B. J., S. Jung, and J. Salminen. 2019. “Creating manageable persona sets from large user populations.” In Proc., Extended Abstracts of the 2019 CHI Conf. on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 1–6. Glasgow, Scotland: Association for Computing Machinery. https://doi.org/10.1145/3290607.3313006.
Kaewkluengklom, R., F. Kurauchi, and T. Iwamoto. 2021. “Investigation of changes in passenger behavior using longitudinal smart card data.” Int. J. Intell. Transp. Syst. Res. 19 (1): 155–166. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13177-020-00232-3.
Kieu, L. M., A. Bhaskar, and E. Chung. 2015. “Passenger segmentation using smart card data.” IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst. 16 (3): 1537–1548. https://doi.org/10.1109/TITS.2014.2368998.
Kim, M.-K., S.-P. Kim, J. Heo, and H.-G. Sohn. 2017. “Ridership patterns at subway stations of Seoul capital area and characteristics of station influence area.” KSCE J. Civ. Eng. 21 (3): 964–975. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-016-1099-8.
Korsgaard, D., T. Bjørner, P. K. Sørensen, and P. Burelli. 2020. “Creating user stereotypes for persona development from qualitative data through semi-automatic subspace clustering.” User Model. User-Adapt. Interact. 30 (1): 81–125. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11257-019-09252-5.
Legara, E. F. T., and C. P. Monterola. 2018. “Inferring passenger types from commuter eigentravel matrices.” Transportmetrica B: Transp. Dyn. 6 (3): 230–250. https://doi.org/10.1080/21680566.2017.1291377.
Lei, D., X. Chen, L. Cheng, L. Zhang, S. V. Ukkusuri, and F. Witlox. 2020. “Inferring temporal motifs for travel pattern analysis using large scale smart card data.” Transp. Res. Part C Emerging Technol. 120 (Nov): 102810. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trc.2020.102810.
Li, C., H. Du, and X. Liang. 2020. 2020 Beijing transport development annual report. Beijing: Beijing Transport Institute.
Lin, P., J. Weng, D. Alivanistos, S. Ma, and B. Yin. 2020. “Identifying and segmenting commuting behavior patterns based on smart card data and travel survey data.” Sustainability 12 (12): 5010. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12125010.
Liu, Y., and T. Cheng. 2020. “Understanding public transit patterns with open geodemographics to facilitate public transport planning.” Transportmetrica A: Transp. Sci. 16 (1): 76–103. https://doi.org/10.1080/23249935.2018.1493549.
Ma, X., Y.-J. Wu, Y. Wang, F. Chen, and J. Liu. 2013. “Mining smart card data for transit riders’ travel patterns.” Transp. Res. Part C Emerging Technol. 36 (Jun): 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trc.2013.07.010.
Madureira, A., B. Cunha, J. P. Pereira, S. Gomes, I. Pereira, J. M. Santos, and A. Abraham. 2014. “Using personas for supporting user modeling on scheduling systems.” In Proc., 14th Int. Conf. on Hybrid Intelligent Systems, 279–284. New York: IEEE.
Melhart, D., A. Azadvar, A. Canossa, A. Liapis, and G. N. Yannakakis. 2019. “Your gameplay says it all: Modelling motivation in tom clancy’s the division.” In Proc., IEEE Conf. on Games (CoG), 1–8. New York: IEEE.
Mensah, E. 2003. Software development failures: Anatomy of abandoned projects. Boston: Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Ortega-Tong, M. A. 2013. Classification of London’s public transport users using smart card data. Boston: Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Ouyang, Q., Y. Lv, Y. Ren, J. Ma, and J. Li. 2018. “Passenger travel regularity analysis based on a large scale smart card data.” J. Adv. Transp. 2018 (Sep): 9457486. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/9457486.
Petsani, D., E. Konstantinidis, J. Carroll, R. Lombard-Vance, L. Hopper, M. Nikolaidou, U. Diaz-Orueta, W. Kniejski, and P. D. Bamidis. 2020. “Creating a feedback loop between persona development and user research towards better technology acceptance.” In Proc., Int. Conf. on Human-Computer Interaction, 282–298. New York: Springer.
Song, G., H. Wen, and J. Sun. 2021. Research and demonstration application of two-network integration technology based on bus and railway passenger transfer characteristics. Beijing: Beijing Transport Institute.
Spiliotopoulos, D., D. Margaris, and C. Vassilakis. 2020. “Data-assisted persona construction using social media data.” Big Data Cognit. Comput. 4 (3): 21. https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc4030021.
Wang, L., Y. Zhang, X. Zhao, H. Liu, and K. Zhang. 2019. “Irregular travel groups detection based on cascade clustering in urban subway.” IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst. 21 (5): 2216–2225. https://doi.org/10.1109/TITS.2019.2933497.
Weng, X., Y. Liu, H. Song, S. Yao, and P. Zhang. 2018. “Mining urban passengers’ travel patterns from incomplete data with use cases.” Comput. Network 134 (Aug): 116–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comnet.2018.01.048.
Zhao, X., M. Cui, and D. Levinson. 2022. “Exploring temporal variability in travel patterns on public transit using big smart card data.” Environ. Plann. B Urban Anal. City Sci. 50 (1). https://doi.org/10.1177/23998083221089662.
Zhao, Y., G. Yin, and S. Wu. 2021. 2021 China principal cities sharing bikes and sharing electric bikes riding report. Beijing: China Academy of Urban Planning and Design.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
© 2023 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jul 26, 2022
Accepted: Nov 14, 2022
Published online: Jan 24, 2023
Published in print: Apr 1, 2023
Discussion open until: Jun 24, 2023
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.
Cited by
- Yeqing Tao, Xinchuan Li, Hao Chen, Juan Yang, Solution for the Robust Estimation of Heterogeneous Data Fusion Based on Classification Estimation, Journal of Surveying Engineering, 10.1061/JSUED2.SUENG-1492, 150, 3, (2024).
- Yuhang Wu, Tao Liu, Lei Gong, Qin Luo, Bo Du, Mining smart card data to estimate transfer passenger flow in a metro network, IET Intelligent Transport Systems, 10.1049/itr2.12481, (2024).
- Linchang Shi, Jiayu Yang, Jaeyoung Jay Lee, Jun Bai, Ingon Ryu, Keechoo Choi, Spatial-temporal identification of commuters using trip chain data from non-motorized mode incentive program and public transportation, Journal of Transport Geography, 10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2024.103868, 117, (103868), (2024).