Behavior Changes of Nonmotorized and Public Transport Users due to the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic in Brazil
Publication: Journal of Transportation Engineering, Part A: Systems
Volume 148, Issue 12
Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate the behavioral changes of nonmotorized and public collective transport users in six Brazilian state capitals (São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Salvador, Brasília, Manaus, and Curitiba), due to the SARS-CoV-2 virus pandemic and their impact on the COVID-19 incidence rate. To this end, the mobility and incidence rate variables were correlated in the months of July 2020, January 2021, and March 2021 by the Pearson’s correlation method, using the Minitab software (version 19.2020.1). São Paulo presented a weak direct correlation followed by an inconclusive correlation and a moderate indirect correlation; Rio de Janeiro presented moderate indirect correlation throughout the entire study; Salvador began with a moderate indirect correlation, which evolved to a weak direct and then to an inconclusive correlation; the city of Brasília started with an inconclusive correlation, which then turned into a weak indirect correlation; Manaus began as inconclusive and then evolved into a moderate indirect and finally weak indirect correlation; Curitiba also began as inconclusive and evolved into a weak indirect and then into a weak direct correlation. From most of the Pearson’s correlation values analysis, it was possible to verify that the implementation of specific regulations aimed at containing the SARS-CoV-2 transmission associated with nonmotorized and public transport use regulation promoted a reduction of incidence rates facing an increase in mobility rates. The indirect correlation force was stronger when the regulations specifically addressed urban mobility, either by restricting the population’s access to nonessential services or specifically regulating the supply or maximum capacity and determining urban public transport vehicle hygiene.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
Some or all data, models, or code that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
References
Ali, T., M. Mortula, and R. Sadiq. 2021. “GIS-based vulnerability analysis of the United States to COVID-19 occurrence.” J. Risk Res. 24 (3–4): 416–431.
Badr, H. S., H. Du, M. Marshall, E. Dong, M. M. Squire, and L. M. Gardner. 2020. “Association between mobility patterns and COVID-19 transmission in the USA: A mathematical modelling study.” Lancet Infect. Dis. 20 (11): 1247–1254.
Brasil. 2020. “Lei No 13.979, de 06 de Fevereiro de 2020.” Accessed May 31, 2021. https://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_ato2019-2022/2020/lei/l13979.htm.
Brasil. 2021a. “Painel Coronavírus.” Accessed May 24, 2021. https://covid.saude.gov.br/.
Brasil. 2021b. “Plano Nacional de Operacionalização da Vacinação Contra a COVID-19.” Accessed December 30, 2021. https://www.gov.br/saude/pt-br/coronavirus/publicacoes-tecnicas/guias-e-planos/plano-nacional-de-vacinacao-covid-19.
CCR Metrô Bahia. 2021. “Metrô em números” [Subway in numbers]. [In Portuguese.] Accessed May 23, 2021. https://www.ccrmetrobahia.com.br/por-dentro-do-metrô/metrô-em-números/.
Companhia de Metropolitano de São Paulo. 2021. “Entrada de Passageiros Por Linha—Abril/2021.” Accessed June 24, 2021. https://transparencia.metrosp.com.br/dataset/demanda.
Companhia Paulista de Trens Metropolitanos. 2020. “Pesquisa de Avaliação de Imagem e Serviços Segundo A Opinião Dos Passageiros Dos Trens da CPTM.” Accessed June 24, 2021. https://www.cptm.sp.gov.br/transparencia/pesquisas/pesquisa_avaliacao_nov_2020.pdf.
de Haas, M., R. Faber, and M. Hamersma. 2020. “How COVID-19 and the Dutch ‘intelligent lockdown’ change activities, work and travel behaviour: Evidence from longitudinal data in the Netherlands.” Transp. Res. Interdiscip. Perspect. 6 (Jul): 100150.
Figueiredo Filho, D. B., and J. A. Silva Júnior. 2009. “Desvendando Os Mistérios de Coeficiente de Correlação de Pearson (R).” Rev. Política Hoje 18 (1): 32.
Freire, C. T., V. Callil, and M. F. Picanço. 2019. “Impacto social do uso da bicicleta no Rio de Janeiro” [Social impact of bicycle use in Rio de Janeiro]. [In Portuguese.] São Paulo, Brazil: Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisa e Planejamento.
Fumagalli, L. A. W., D. A. Rezende, and T. A. Guimarães. 2021. “Challenges for public transportation: Consequences and possible alternatives for the COVID-19 pandemic through strategic digital city application.” J. Urban Manage. 10 (2): 97–109.
Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. 2021a. “Boletim observatório COVID-19—Semanas epidemiológicas 03 e 04.” Accessed May 26, 2021. https://portal.fiocruz.br/sites/portal.fiocruz.br/files/documentos/boletim_covid_2021-semanas_03-04.pdf.
Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. 2021b. “Boletim observatório COVID-19—Semanas epidemiológicas 05 A 07.” Accessed May 26, 2021. https://portal.fiocruz.br/sites/portal.fiocruz.br/files/documentos/boletim_covid_2021-semanas_05-07.pdf.
Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. 2021c. “Boletim observatório COVID-19—Semanas epidemiológicas 10 e 11.” Accessed May 16, 2021. https://portal.fiocruz.br/sites/portal.fiocruz.br/files/documentos/boletim_covid_2021-semanas_10-11-red.pdf.
Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. 2021d. “Monitoracovid-19.” Accessed May 31, 2021. https://bigdata-covid19.icict.fiocruz.br.
Galindo, E. P., and V. C. L. Neto. 2019. “Td 2468—Mobilidade Urbana No Brasil: Percepções de Sua População.” Accessed December 30, 2021. https://www.ipea.gov.br/portal/images/stories/pdfs/tds/td_2468.pdf.
Google. 2021. “COVID-19 community mobility reports.” Accessed April 22, 2021. https://www.google.com/covid19/mobility/.
Governo de Distrito Federal. 2020a. “Decreto N° 40.924, de 26 de Junho de 2020.” Accessed May 31, 2021. https://www.sinj.df.gov.br/sinj/norma/62c5c790666e41739a02627a40c7a91c/decreto_40924_26_06_2020.html.
Governo de Distrito Federal. 2020b. “Lei No 6.577, de 20 de Maio de 2020.” Accessed May 31, 2021. https://www.tjdft.jus.br/institucional/relacoes-institucionais/arquivos/lei-no-6-577-de-20-de-maio-de-2020-00.pdf.
Governo de Distrito Federal. 2021a. “Decreto N° 41.874 de 08 de Março de 2021.” Accessed May 31, 2021. https://www.sinj.df.gov.br/sinj/norma/32db98d486df4cada6096c70d4909774/decreto_41874_08_03_2021.html.
Governo de Distrito Federal. 2021b. “Decreto N° 41.882 de 08 de Março de 2021.” Accessed May 31, 2021. http://www.sinj.df.gov.br/sinj/norma/dbeb8ca8a722420fb1a71b3fa8a028c5/decreto_41882_08_03_2021.html.
Governo de Distrito Federal. 2021c. “Decreto N° 41.913 de 19 de Março de 2021.” Accessed May 31, 2021. https://www.sinj.df.gov.br/sinj/norma/e66b75c862b4489ea01103c19cabed3c/decreto_41913_19_03_2021.html.
Governo de Estado da Bahia. 2020. “Lei No 14.258, de 13 de Abril de 2020.” Accessed May 31, 2021. https://www.legislabahia.ba.gov.br/documentos/lei-no-14258-de-13-de-abril-de-2020.
Governo de Estado de Amazonas. 2020. “Decreto N° 42.330 de 28 de Maio de 2020.” [In Portuguese.] Accessed May 31, 2021. https://www.legisweb.com.br/legislacao/?id=396199.
Governo de Estado de Amazonas. 2021a. “Decreto N° 43.272 de 06 de Janeiro de 2021.” [In Portuguese.] Accessed May 31, 2021. https://www.legisweb.com.br/legislacao/?id=407660.
Governo de Estado de Amazonas. 2021b. “Decreto N° 43.303 de 23 de Janeiro de 2021.” [In Portuguese.] Accessed May 31, 2021. http://www.seas.am.gov.br/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/decreto-43.303.pdf.
Governo de Estado de Amazonas. 2021c. “Decreto N° 43.522 de 05 de Março de 2021.” [In Portuguese.] Accessed May 31, 2021. https://online.sefaz.am.gov.br/silt/normas/legisla%e7%e3o%20estadual/decreto%20estadual/ano%202021/de%2043.522_21.htm.
Governo de Estado de Amazonas. 2021d. “Decreto N° 43.520 de 05 de Março de 2021.” [In Portuguese.] Accessed May 31, 2021. https://www.transparencia.am.gov.br/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/decreto-n.-43.520-de-05-de-mar%c3%a7o-de-2021.pdf.
Governo de Estado de Amazonas. 2021e. “Decreto N° 43.548 de 11 de Março de 2021.” [In Portuguese.] Accessed May 31, 2021. https://online.sefaz.am.gov.br/silt/normas/legisla%e7%e3o%20estadual/decreto%20estadual/ano%202021/de%2043.548_21.htm.
Governo de Estado de Amazonas. 2021f. “Decreto N° 43.596 de 20 de Março de 2021.” [In Portuguese.] Accessed May 31, 2021. https://online.sefaz.am.gov.br/silt/normas/legisla%e7%e3o%20estadual/decreto%20estadual/ano%202021/de%2043.596_21.htm.
Governo de Estado de Amazonas. 2021g. “Decreto N° 43.597 de 20 de Março de 2021.” [In Portuguese.] Accessed May 31, 2021. https://www.amazonas.am.gov.br/content/uploads/2021/03/extrato-doe-18-19.pdf.
Governo de Estado de Paraná. 2021. “Decreto N° 6.599, de 07 de Janeiro de 2021.” [In Portuguese.] Accessed May 31, 2021. https://leisestaduais.com.br/pr/decreto-n-6599-2021-parana-prorroga-ate-31-de-janeiro-de-2021-a-vigencia-das-medidas-de-distanciamento-social-para-o-enfrentamento-da-pandemia-da-covid-19-dispostas-no-decreto-no-6-294-de-3-de-dezembro-de-2020-e-prorrogada-pelos-decreto-no-6-555-de-17-de-dezembro-de-2020-e-6-590-de-28-de-dezembro-de-2020-e-adota-outras-providencias.
Governo de Estado de Rio de Janeiro. 2020a. “Decreto N° 46.983 de 20 de Março de 2020.” [In Portuguese.] Accessed May 31, 2021. https://pge.rj.gov.br/comum/code/mostrararquivo.php?c=mtaymze%2c.
Governo de Estado de Rio de Janeiro. 2020b. “Decreto N° 47.128, de 19 de Junho de 2020.” [In Portuguese]. Accessed May 31, 2021. https://www.rj.gov.br/uploads/noticias/8175d.o%20extra%2019-06.pdf.
Governo de Estado de Rio de Janeiro. 2020c. “Decreto N° 47.428 de 29 de Dezembro de 2020.” [In Portuguese]. Accessed May 31, 2021. https://pge.rj.gov.br/comum/code/mostrararquivo.php?c=mti0mtq%2c.
Governo de Estado de Rio de Janeiro. 2020d. “Lei No 8.800, de 30 de Abril de 2020.” [In Portuguese.] Accessed May 31, 2021. https://pge.rj.gov.br/covid19/estadual/leis-estaduais.
Governo de Estado de Rio de Janeiro. 2020e. “Lei No 8.801, de 30 de Abril de 2020.” [In Portuguese]. Accessed May 31, 2021. https://pge.rj.gov.br/covid19/estadual/leis-estaduais.
Governo de Estado de São Paulo. 2020a. “Decreto N° 64.956, de 29 de Abril de 2020.” [In Portuguese.] Accessed May 31, 2021. https://www.al.sp.gov.br/repositorio/legislacao/decreto/2020/decreto-64956-29.04.2020.html.
Governo de Estado de São Paulo. 2020b. “Decreto N° 65.056, de 10 de Julho de 2020.” [In Portuguese.] Accessed May 31, 2021. https://www.al.sp.gov.br/repositorio/legislacao/decreto/2020/decreto-65056-10.07.2020.html.
Governo de Estado de São Paulo. 2020c. “Decreto N° 65.061, de 13 de Julho de 2020.” [In Portuguese.] Accessed May 31, 2021. https://www.al.sp.gov.br/repositorio/legislacao/decreto/2020/decreto-65061-13.07.2020.html.
Governo de Estado de São Paulo. 2021a. “Decreto N° 65.563 de 11 de Março de 2021.” [In Portuguese.] Accessed May 31, 2021. https://www.al.sp.gov.br/repositorio/legislacao/decreto/2021/decreto-65563-11.03.2021.html.
Governo de Estado de São Paulo. 2021b. “Decreto N° 65.596 de 26 de Março de 2021.” [In Portuguese.] Accessed May 31, 2021. https://www.al.sp.gov.br/repositorio/legislacao/decreto/2021/decreto-65596-26.03.2021.html.
IBGE (Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística). 2020. “IBGE Divulga Estimativa da População dos Municípios para 2020.” [In Portuguese.] Accessed August 1, 2021. https://agenciadenoticias.ibge.gov.br/agencia-sala-de-imprensa/2013-agencia-de-noticias/releases/28668-ibge-divulga-estimativa-da-populacao-dos-municipios-para-2020.
Iio, K., X. Guo, X. Kong, K. Rees, and X. Bruce Wang. 2021. “COVID-19 and social distancing: Disparities in mobility adaptation between income groups.” Transp. Res. Interdiscip. Perspect. 10 (Apr): 100333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2021.100333.
Instituto de Pesquisa e Planejamento Urbano de Curitiba. 2021. “Ciclovias.” [In Portuguese.] Accessed May 23, 2021. https://ippuc.org.br/geodownloads/geo.htm.
Instituto Pereira Passos. 2021a. “Data Rio: Passageiros Transportados no Metrô, Segundo as Estações e Linhas no Município de Rio de Janeiro Entre 1995-2020.” [In Portuguese.] Accessed June 24, 2021. https://www.data.rio/documents/7f3d332baf2f499abc6a0742fce56bec/about.
Instituto Pereira Passos. 2021b. “Movimento Médio Diário de Passageiros, Segundo os Transportes Rodoviário, Ferroviário, Hidroviário e Aeroviário no Município do Rio de Janeiro Entre 1995-2020.” [In Portuguese.] Accessed June 24, 2021. https://www.data.rio/datasets/movimento-médio-diário-de-passageiros-segundo-os-transportes-rodoviário-ferroviário-hidroviário-e-aeroviário-no-município-do-rio-de-janeiro-entre-1995-2020.
Jobe, J., and G. P. Griffin. 2021. “Bike share responses to COVID-19.” Transp. Res. Interdiscip. Perspect. 10 (Jan): 100353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2021.100353.
Johns Hopkins University & Medicine. 2021. “Johns Hopkins coronavirus resource center.” Accessed April 22, 2021. https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html.
Kartal, M. T., Ö. Depren, and S. Kiliç Depren. 2021. “The relationship between mobility and COVID-19 pandemic: Daily evidence from an emerging country by causality analysis.” Transp. Res. Interdiscip. Perspect. 10 (Apr): 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2021.100366.
Kim, J., and M.-P. Kwan. 2021. “The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on people’s mobility: A longitudinal study of the U.S. from March to September of 2020.” J. Transp. Geogr. 93 (23): 103039. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2021.103039.
Lauer, S. A., K. H. Grantz, Q. Bi, F. K. Jones, Q. Zheng, H. R. Meredith, A. S. Azman, N. G. Reich, and J. Lessler. 2020. “The incubation period of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) from publicly reported confirmed cases: Estimation and application.” Ann. Inter. Med. 172 (9): 577–582. https://doi.org/10.7326/m20-0504.
Mathieu, E., H. Ritchie, E. Ortiz-Ospina, M. Roser, J. Hasell, C. Appel, C. Giattino, and L. Rodés-Guirao. 2021. “A global database of COVID-19 vaccinations.” Nat. Hum. Behav. 5 (7): 947–953. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-021-01122-8.
Mejdoubi, M., X. Kyndt, and M. Djennaoui. 2020. “ICU admissions and in-hospital deaths linked to COVID-19 in the Paris region are correlated with previously observed ambient temperature.” PLoS One 15 (11): 0242268. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242268.
Mische, S., and A. Wilkerson. 2016. “Disaster and contingency planning for scientific shared resource cores.” J. Biomol. Tech. 27 (1): 4–17. https://doi.org/10.7171/jbt.16-2701-003.
Mollalo, A., B. Vahedi, and K. M. Rivera. 2020. “GIS-based spatial modeling of COVID-19 incidence rate in the continental United States.” Sci. Total Environ. 728 (14): 138884. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138884.
Morawska, L. et al. 2020. “How can airborne transmission of COVID-19 indoors be minimised?” Environ. Int. 142 (45): 105832. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2020.105832.
Oztig, L. I., and O. E. Askin. 2020. “Human mobility and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A negative binomial regression analysis.” Public Health 185 (14): 364–367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2020.07.002.
Paez, A. 2020. “Using Google community mobility reports to investigate the incidence of COVID-19 in the United States.” Transport Findings. Accessed May 30, 2020. https://doi.org/10.32866/001c.12976.
Pereira, R. H. M., L. Warwar, J. Parga, J. Bazzo, C. K. Braga, D. Herszenhut, and M. Saraiva. 2021. “Td 2673—Tendências e Desigualdades da Mobilidade Urbana No Brasil I: O Uso de Transporte Coletivo e Individual.” [In Portuguese.] Accessed December 30, 2021. https://www.ipea.gov.br/portal/images/stories/pdfs/tds/210803_td_2673.pdf.
Prefeitura de Curitiba. 2020. “Lei N° 15.627, de 05 de Maio de 2020.” [In Portuguese.] Accessed May 31, 2021. https://mid.curitiba.pr.gov.br/2020/00298065.pdf.
Prefeitura de Curitiba. 2021. “Lei N° 15.799 de 05 de Janeiro de 2021.” [In Portuguese.] Accessed May 31, 2021. https://mid.curitiba.pr.gov.br/2021/00307978.pdf.
Prefeitura de Manaus. 2020a. “Decreto N° 4.860 de 06 de Julho de 2020.” [In Portuguese.] Accessed May 31, 2021. https://www.legisweb.com.br/legislacao/?id=403176.
Prefeitura de Manaus. 2020b. “Implantação de Ciclovias e Ciclofaixas Avançam em Manaus.” [In Portuguese.] Accessed May 25, 2021. https://www.manaus.am.gov.br/noticia/implantacao-ciclovias-ciclofaixas-avancam/.
Prefeitura de Manaus. 2021. “Decreto N° 5.001 de 04 de Janeiro de 2021.” [In Portuguese.] Accessed May 31, 2021. https://www.legisweb.com.br/legislacao/?id=407528.
Prefeitura de Rio de Janeiro. 2020a. “Lei N° 6.754, de 01 de Julho de 2020.” [In Portuguese.] Accessed May 31, 2021. https://leismunicipais.com.br/a/rj/r/rio-de-janeiro/lei-ordinaria/2020/676/6754/lei-ordinaria-n-6754-2020-estabelece-a-obrigatoriedade-de-uso-de-equipamentos-de-protecao-individual-epi-no-municipio-do-rio-de-janeiro-durante-o-periodo-de-emergencia-declarado-em-funcao-da-covid-19-e-da-outras-providencias.
Prefeitura de Rio de Janeiro. 2020b. “Lei N° 6.755, de 06 de Julho de 2020.” [In Portuguese.] Accessed May 31, 2021. https://leismunicipais.com.br/a/rj/r/rio-de-janeiro/lei-ordinaria/2020/676/6755/lei-ordinaria-n-6755-2020-dispoe-sobre-a-criacao-de-programa-de-monitoramento-remoto-de-pessoas-diagnosticadas-com-o-novo-coronavirus-sars-cov-2-e-em-situacao-de-isolamento-domiciliar-no-municipio-do-rio-de-janeiro.
Prefeitura de Salvador. 2018. “Anuário de Transportes Urbanos 2018.” [In Portuguese.] Accessed June 26, 2021. https://mobilidade.salvador.ba.gov.br/images/anuario/2018/anuario_2018_corrigido.pdf.
Prefeitura de Salvador. 2020. “Decreto N° 32.561 de 07 de Julho de 2020.” [In Portuguese.] Accessed May 31, 2021. https://www.informe.salvador.ba.gov.br/coronavirus/images/decretos/dom-7714-07-07-2020.pdf.
Prefeitura de Salvador. 2021a. “Áreas de Ciclovias.” [In Portuguese.] Accessed June 26, 2021. https://transalvador.salvador.ba.gov.br/conteudo/index.php/ciclovia/listarciclovias.
Prefeitura de Salvador. 2021b. “Decreto N° 33.430 de 05 de Janeiro de 2021.” [In Portuguese.] Accessed May 31, 2021. https://www.sucom.ba.gov.br/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/dec_33430_2020.pdf.
Prefeitura de Salvador. 2021c. “Decreto N° 33.433 de 11 de Janeiro de 2021.” [In Portuguese.] Accessed May 31, 2021. https://www.sucom.ba.gov.br/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/dec_33433_2021.pdf.
Prefeitura de Salvador. 2021d. “Decreto N° 33.446 de 20 de Janeiro de 2021.” [In Portuguese.] Accessed May 31, 2021. http://www.sucom.ba.gov.br/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/dec_33446_2021.pdf.
Prefeitura de Salvador. 2021e. “Decreto N° 33.612 de 07 de Março de 2021.” [In Portuguese.] Accessed May 31, 2021. https://www.dom.salvador.ba.gov.br/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=6702.
Prefeitura de São Paulo. 2020. “Relatório Integrado da Administração 2020.” [In Portuguese.] Accessed May 23, 2021. https://www.sptrans.com.br/relatorio-integrado-da-administracao-2020/.
Prefeitura de São Paulo. 2021a. “Decreto N° 60.107 de 3 de Março de 2021.” [In Portuguese.] Accessed May 31, 2021. https://legislacao.prefeitura.sp.gov.br/leis/decreto-60107-de-3-de-marco-de-2021.
Prefeitura de São Paulo. 2021b. “Decreto N° 60.118 de 12 de Março de 2021.” [In Portuguese.] Accessed May 31, 2021. https://legislacao.prefeitura.sp.gov.br/leis/decreto-60118-de-12-de-marco-de-2021.
Prefeitura de São Paulo. 2021c. “Decreto N° 65.460 de 08 de Janeiro de 2021.” [In Portuguese.] Accessed May 31, 2021. https://www.al.sp.gov.br/repositorio/legislacao/decreto/2021/decreto-65460-08.01.2021.html.
Prefeitura de São Paulo. 2021d. “Mapa de Infraestrutura Cicloviária.” [In Portuguese.] Accessed May 23, 2021. https://www.cetsp.com.br/consultas/bicicleta/mapa-de-infraestrutura-cicloviaria.aspx.
Ritchie, H., E. Mathieu, L. Rodés-Guirao, C. Appel, C. Giattino, E. Ortiz-Ospina, J. Hasell, B. Macdonald, D. Beltekian, and M. Roser. 2021. “Coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19).” Accessed January 23, 2022. https://ourworldindata.org/covid-vaccinations.
Sabino, E. C., et al. 2021. “Resurgence of COVID-19 in Manaus, Brazil, despite high seroprevalence.” The Lancet 397 (10273): 452–455. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(21)00183-5.
Secretaria de Transporte e Mobilidade do Distrito Federal. 2021. “Semob–DFnoponto.” [In Portuguese.] Accessed June 24, 2021. https://dfnoponto.semob.df.gov.br/#linhas.
Secretaria Municipal de Transpores de São Paulo. 2021. “Poratria No 11 de 18 de Março de 2021.” [In Portuguese.] Accessed May 25, 2021. https://legislacao.prefeitura.sp.gov.br/leis/portaria-secretaria-municipal-de-mobilidade-e-transportes-smt-11-de-18-de-marco-de-2021.
Shen, J., et al. 2020. “Prevention and control of COVID-19 in public transportation: Experience from China.” Environ. Pollut. 266 (20): 115291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115291.
Shereen, M. A., S. Khan, A. Kazmi, N. Bashir, and R. Siddique. 2020. “COVID-19 infection: Emergence, transmission, and characteristics of human coronaviruses.” J. Adv. Res. 24 (Mar): 91–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jare.2020.03.005.
Sindicato das Empresas de Transporte de Passageiros do Estado do Amazonas. 2021. “Siretram.” [In Portuguese.] Accessed May 23, 2021. https://www.sinetram.com.br/.
Subsecretaria de Divulgação do Distrito Federal. 2020. “Trechos de Ciclovias no DF Aumentam 20% Desde 2019.” [In Portuguese.] Accessed May 23, 2021. https://www.agenciabrasilia.df.gov.br/2020/,08/20/trechos-de-ciclovias-no-df-aumentam-20-desde-2019.
Supervia. 2021. “Mapa de Linhas.” [In Portuguese.] Accessed June 24, 2021. https://www.supervia.com.br/pt-br/mapa-de-linhas.
Teixeira, J. F., and M. Lopes. 2020. “The link between bike sharing and subway use during the COVID-19 pandemic: The case-study of New York’s Citi bike.” Transp. Res. Interdiscip. Perspect. 6 (Apr): 100166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2020.100166.
United Nations. 2020. “Everyone included: Social impact of COVID-19.” Accessed May 16, 2021. https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/everyone-included-covid-19.html.
Urbanização de Curitiba S.A. 2021a. “Ato N° 21.” [In Portuguese.] Accessed May 3, 2021. https://mid.curitiba.pr.gov.br/2021/00312158.pdf.
Urbanização de Curitiba S.A. 2021b. “Urbs em Números.” Accessed May 23, 2021. https://www.urbs.curitiba.pr.gov.br/institucional/urbs-em-numeros.
Wang, S., Y. Liu, and T. Hu. 2020. “Examining the change of human mobility adherent to social restriction policies and its effect on COVID-19 cases in Australia.” Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 17 (21): 17930. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17217930.
World Health Organization. 2020. “Considerations for implementing and adjusting public health and social measures in the context of COVID-19.” Accessed April 7, 2021. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/considerations-in-adjusting-public-health-and-social-measures-in-the-context-of-covid-19-interim-guidance.
Zhang, J., Y. Hayashi, and L. D. Frank. 2021. “COVID-19 and transport: Findings from a world-wide expert survey.” Transp. Policy 103 (Apr): 68–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2021.01.011.
Zheng, R., Y. Xu, W. Wang, G. Ning, and Y. Bi. 2020. “Spatial transmission of COVID-19 via public and private transportation in China.” Travel Med. Infect. Dis. 34 (2): 101626. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101626.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Transportation Engineering, Part A: Systems
Volume 148 • Issue 12 • December 2022
Copyright
© 2022 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Aug 16, 2021
Accepted: Jun 28, 2022
Published online: Sep 26, 2022
Published in print: Dec 1, 2022
Discussion open until: Feb 26, 2023
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.