Short-Term, Long-Term, and Vibration Performance of TCC Floors Using Mass-Timber Panels
Publication: Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 150, Issue 6
Abstract
The increasing availability of mass timber panels has expanded the possibilities for using timber-concrete-composite (TCC) flat floors beyond the traditional TCC T-beams. While TCC floors often easily satisfy ultimate limit state requirements, their stiffness, vibration characteristics, and long-term performance are critical design considerations. This research aimed to validate the bending, vibration, and long-term performance for nine different TCC floor systems through full-size tests with a span of 5.8 m. The tested floor systems used laminated-veneer-lumber, laminated-strand lumber, and cross-laminated-timber (CLT) panels connected to a concrete slab with and without an interlayer. Three types of shear connections were employed: self-tapping screws; glued-in steel mesh; and a combination of STS and adhesive bond. First, the shear connection properties were determined via 54 small-scale push-out tests. Then, 18 floors were tested in bending and vibration shortly after fabrication, and an additional nine floors were subjected to service loading for 32 months under variable climatic conditions, after which they were subjected to bending and vibration tests. The results confirmed that the calculations based on the -method accurately predict the stiffness, natural frequency, and governing failure modes of TCC floors. The long-term exposure to service loading had minimal effect (within 10%) on resistance, stiffness, and natural frequency of TCC floors, except for the TCC using CLT, which showed the highest creep deflection and stiffness reduction among the tested configurations.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
Some or all data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Acknowledgments
The research was funded by the Government of British Columbia through a BC Leadership Chair, Forest Innovations Investment through the Wood First Program, and NSERC through the Engage Program. Weyerhaeuser, Louisiana Pacific, Brisco Manufacturing; Structurlam Products, MTC Solutions Inc, TiComTec GmbH, Sika Canada, and Lafarge donated material. The help and support by the technicians at FPInnovations (Paul Symons) and UBC (George Lee) and by previous UBC graduate students Hercend Mpidi Bita, Md. Shahnewaz, Felix Boeck, Johannes Schneider, and Enrique Gonzales are greatly appreciated.
References
ANSI/APA (American National Standards Institute/APA). 2014. Standard for performance-rated cross-laminated timber. ANSI/APA PRG 320. New York: ANSI.
ASTM. 2022. Standard practice for sampling and data-analysis for structural wood and wood-based products. ASTM D2915. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
Auclair, S. C., A. Salenikovich, and T. Tannert. 2023. Design consideration for the long-term behaviour of mass. Pointe-Claire, QC, Canada: FPInnovations.
Auclair, S. C., L. Sorelli, and A. Salenikovich. 2016. “A new composite connector for timber-concrete composite structures.” Constr. Build. Mater. 112 (Jun): 84–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.02.025.
Bachmann, H., et al. 1995. Vibration problems in structures: Practical guidelines. 1st ed. Basel, Switzerland: Birkhaeuser.
Brandner, R., G. Flatscher, A. Ringhofer, G. Schickhofer, and A. Thiel. 2016. “Cross laminated timber (CLT): Overview and development.” Eur. J. Wood Wood Prod. 74 (3): 331–351. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-015-0999-5.
Casagrande, D., I. Giongo, F. Pederzolli, A. Franciosi, and M. Piazza. 2018. “Analytical, numerical and experimental assessment of vibration performance in timber floors.” Eng. Struct. 168 (Aug): 748–758. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.05.020.
CCMC (Canadian Construction Materials Centre). 2013. SWG ASSY VG Plus and SWG ASSY 3.0 self-tapping wood screws. Ottawa: CCMC.
CCMC (Canadian Construction Materials Centre). 2015a. LP SolidStart LVL. Ottawa: CCMC.
CCMC (Canadian Construction Materials Centre). 2015b. TimberStrand LSL. Ottawa: CCMC.
CEN (European Committee for Standardization). 2004a. Eurocode 5—Design of timber structures, Part 1. EN 1995. Brussels, Belgium: CEN.
CEN (European Committee for Standardization). 2004b. Eurocode 5—Design of timber structures, Part 2. EN 1995. Brussels, Belgium: CEN.
CEN (European Committee for Standardization). 2012. Timber structures—Structural timber and glued laminated timber: Determination of some physical and mechanical properties. EN 408. Brussels, Belgium: CEN.
CEN (European Committee for Standardization). 2021. Structural design of timber-concrete composite structures. EN TS 19103. Brussels, Belgium: CEN.
Ciarlo, S. 2009. Allowable loads on Owens corning foam products. Toledo, OH: Owens Corning.
Clouston, P., and A. Schreyer. 2008. “Design and use of wood-concrete composites.” Pract. Period. Struct. Des. Constr. 4 (13): 167–174. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0680(2008)13:4(167).
CSA (Canadian Standards Association). 2019a. Design of concrete structures. CSA A23.3. Mississauga, ON, Canada: CSA.
CSA (Canadian Standards Association). 2019b. Engineering design in wood. CSA O86. Mississauga, ON, Canada: CSA.
Dias, A. 2005. “Mechanical behaviour of timber-concrete joints.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Universidad de Coimbra.
Dias, A., S. Lopes, J. Van de Kuilen, and H. Cruz. 2007. “Load-carrying capacity of timber concrete joints with dowel-type fasteners.” J. Struct. Eng. 133 (5): 720–727. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2007)133:5(720).
Dias, A., J. Schänzlin, and P. Dietsch. 2018. Design of timber-concrete composite structures: A state-of-the-art. Aachen, Germany: Shaker Publishers.
Dias, A., J. Skinner, K. Crews, and T. Tannert. 2016. “Timber-concrete-composites increasing the use of timber in construction.” Eur. J. Wood Wood Prod. 74 (3): 443–451. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-015-0975-0.
Du, H., X. Hu, Z. Xie, and H. Wang. 2019. “Study on shear behavior of inclined cross lag screws for glulam-concrete composite beams.” Constr. Build. Mater. 224 (Nov): 132–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.07.035.
Eisenhut, L., W. Seim, and S. Kühlborn. 2016. “Adhesive-bonded timber-concrete composites: Experimental and numerical investigation of hygrothermal effects.” Eng. Struct. 125 (Oct): 167–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2016.05.056.
Fragiacomo, M., C. Amadio, and L. Macorini. 2007. “Short-and long-term performance of the ‘Tecnaria’ stud connector for timber-concrete composite beams.” Mater. Struct. 40 (10): 1013–1026. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-006-9200-2.
Fragiacomo, M., and E. Lukaszewska. 2013. “Time-dependent behaviour of timber-concrete composite floors with prefabricated concrete slabs.” Eng. Struct. 52 (Jul): 687–696. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2013.03.031.
Gerber, A. 2016. “Timber-concrete composites in flat-plate engineered wood products.” MASc thesis, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of British Columbia.
Harte, A. M. 2017. “Mass timber–the emergence of a modern construction material.” J. Struct. Integrity Maint. 2 (3): 121–132. https://doi.org/10.1080/24705314.2017.1354156.
Hossain, A., M. Popovski, and T. Tannert. 2018. “Cross laminated timber connections assembled with a combination of screws in withdrawal and screws in shear.” Eng. Struct. 168 (Aug): 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.04.052.
IBC (International Building Code). 2021. International Building Code, International Code Council. Falls Church, VA: IBC.
ISO. 1983. Timber structures: Joints made with mechanical fasteners: General principles for the determination of strength and deformation characteristics. ISO 6891. Geneva: ISO.
ISO. 2017. Timber structures: Vibration performance criteria for timber floors. ISO TR 21136. Geneva: ISO.
James, G. H., III, T. G. Carne, and J. P. Lauffer. 1993. The natural excitation technique (next) for modal parameter extraction from operating structures. Albuquerque, NM: Sandia National Laboratories.
Kanócz, J., and V. Bajzecerová. 2012. “Influence of rheological behaviour on load-carrying capacity of timber-concrete composite beams under long term loading.” Procedia Eng. 40 (Jan): 20–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2012.07.049.
Karacabeyli, E., and C. Lum. 2014. Technical guide for the design and construction of tall wood buildings in Canada. Pointe-Claire, QC, Canada: FPInnovations.
Khorsandnia, N., J. Schänzlin, H. Valipour, and K. Crews. 2014. “Time-dependent behaviour of timber–concrete composite members: Numerical verification, sensitivity and influence of material properties.” Constr. Build. Mater. 66 (Sep): 192–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.05.079.
Kreis, B., W. Kübler, and A. Frangi. 2023. “Development and investigation of an innovative, light-weight, two-way spanning timber-concrete composite slab.” Eng. Struct. 286 (Jul): 116087. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2023.116087.
Marchi, L., R. Scotta, and L. Pozza. 2017. “Experimental and theoretical evaluation of TCC connections with inclined self-tapping screws.” Mater. Struct. 50 (3): 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-017-1047-1.
Mathworks. 2022. “Operational modal analysis with a single accelerometer.” Accessed May 1, 2022. https://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/.
Mertens, C., Y. Martin, and F. Dobbels. 2007. “Investigation of the vibration behaviour of timber-concrete composite floors as part of a performance evaluation for the Belgian building industry.” Build. Acoust. 14 (1): 25–36. https://doi.org/10.1260/135101007780661383.
Möhler, K. 1956. “Über das Tragverhalten von Biegeträgern und Druckstäben mit zusammengesetzten Querschnitten und nachgiebigen Verbindungsmitteln.” Ph.D. dissertation, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. Karlsruhe.
NBCC (National Research Council of Canada). 2020. National building code of Canada. Ottawa, ON, Canada: NBCC.
Schänzlin, J., and M. Fragiacomo. 2018. “Analytical derivation of the effective creep coefficients for timber-concrete composite structures.” Eng. Struct. 172 (Oct): 432–439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.05.056.
Shahnewaz, M., R. Jackson, and T. Tannert. 2022. “Cross-laminated timber-concrete composite floors with steel kerf plates connectors.” Constr. Build. Mater. 319 (Feb): 126092. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126092.
Sika. 2012. Sikadur 32 Hi-Mod product data sheet version 1. Pointe-Claire, QC, Canada: Sika Canada.
Tannert, T., B. Endacott, M. Brunner, and T. Vallée. 2017. “Long-term performance of adhesively bonded timber-concrete composites.” Int. J. Adhes. Adhes. 72 (Jan): 51–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2016.10.005.
Tannert, T., A. Gerber, and T. Vallee. 2020. “Hybrid adhesively bonded timber-concrete-composite floors.” Int. J. Adhes. Adhes. 97 (Mar): 102490. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2019.102490.
TiComTec. 2011. “Technical dossier HBV-systems 2011-07.” Accessed May 1, 2014. http://www.hbv-systeme.de.
Toratti, T. 1992. “Creep of timber beams in a variable environment.” Ph.D. dissertation, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Technology.
UN (United Nations) General Assembly. 2015. “Transforming our world: The 2030 Agenda for sustainable development, A/RES/70/1.” Accessed May 1, 2023. https://www.refworld.org/docid/57b6e3e44.html.
Van de Kuilen, J. W. G., and A. M. Dias. 2011. “Long-term load–deformation behaviour of timber–concrete joints.” Struct. Build. 164 (2): 143–154. https://doi.org/10.1680/stbu.10.00021.
Weckendorf, J., T. Toratti, I. Smith, and T. Tannert. 2015. “Vibration serviceability performance of timber floors.” Eur. J. Wood Wood Prod. 74 (3): 353–367. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-015-0976-z.
Yeoh, D., M. Fragiacomo, M. De Franceschi, and A. Buchanan. 2001. “Experimental tests of notched and plate connectors for LVL-concrete composite beams.” J. Struct. Eng. 137 (2): 261–269. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000288.
Yeoh, D., M. Fragiacomo, M. De Franceschi, and K. Heng Boon. 2011. “State of the art on timber- concrete composite structures: Literature review.” J. Struct. Eng. 137 (10): 1085–1095. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000353.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 150 • Issue 6 • June 2024
Copyright
© 2024 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: May 30, 2023
Accepted: Jan 19, 2024
Published online: Apr 13, 2024
Published in print: Jun 1, 2024
Discussion open until: Sep 13, 2024
ASCE Technical Topics:
- Building materials
- Continuum mechanics
- Dynamics (solid mechanics)
- Engineering fundamentals
- Engineering materials (by type)
- Engineering mechanics
- Floors
- Load tests
- Materials engineering
- Motion (dynamics)
- Panels (structural)
- Service loads
- Solid mechanics
- Static loads
- Statics (mechanics)
- Stiffening
- Structural behavior
- Structural engineering
- Structural members
- Structural systems
- Tests (by type)
- Vibration
- Wood and wood products
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.