Earthquake Resilience of Spatially Distributed Building Clusters: Methodology and Application
Publication: Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 150, Issue 10
Abstract
Interest in earthquake resilience has increased in recent years, and the use of building cluster performance objectives has been shown to be an effective method for evaluating the resilience of a built environment. A building cluster is a portfolio of buildings that share the same role in a community; its performance objectives are defined by considering earthquake scenarios, hazard levels, and individual building performance. The methodology presented in this paper employs performance-based assessments to estimate the probability of achieving building cluster performance objectives immediately following a seismic event. It can be used to assess the immediate post-earthquake community resilience in five steps: (1) hazard analysis; (2) conditional assessment of individual building performance; (3) conditional assessment of building cluster performance; (4) building cluster performance assessment by aggregation; and (5) earthquake resilience assessment of building clusters considering all hazard levels of interest. The design and extreme hazard levels are formulated using ground motion records selected based on the conditional spectra considering characteristics of earthquake scenarios and spatial correlation. Three performance objectives are defined for individual buildings and building clusters: (1) functionality; (2) safe and usable during repair; and (3) collapse prevention. Two engineering demand parameters, i.e., the maximum transient and the permanent interstory drift indices, are used to estimate individual building performance. The probability of achieving building cluster performance objective is calculated using the total probability theorem. The application of the proposed methodology is demonstrated using two clusters of reinforced concrete buildings, corresponding to ASCE 7 Risk Category II and IV structures, in San Francisco, California.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
Some or all data, models, or code that support the findings of this study are available upon reasonable request from the corresponding author.
Acknowledgments
This paper is based upon research supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. CMMI-2053741. The authors greatly appreciate this support. The first author is also thankful for the support provided by Comexus through the Fulbright-Garcia Robles program.
References
ACI (American Concrete Institute). 2019. Building code requirements for structural concrete. ACI 318-19. Farmington Hills, MI: ACI.
Ancheta, T. D., et al. 2014. “NGA-West2 database.” Earthquake Spectra 30 (3): 989–1005. https://doi.org/10.1193/070913eqs197m.
Araya-Letelier, G. 2014. “Design of building structural systems and enhanced partition walls to improve life cycle costs associated with risk of earthquake damages.” Ph.D. dissertation, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford Univ.
Araya-Letelier, G., E. Miranda, and G. Deierlein. 2019. “Development and testing of a friction/sliding connection to improve the seismic performance of gypsum partition walls.” Earthquake Spectra 35 (2): 653–677. https://doi.org/10.1193/123117EQS270M.
ASCE. 2017. Seismic evaluation and retrofit of existing buildings. ASCE 41-17. Reston, VA: ASCE.
ASCE. 2022. Minimum design loads and associated criteria for buildings and other structures. ASCE/SEI 7-22. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Baker, J. W. 2011. “Conditional mean spectrum: Tool for ground motion selection.” J. Struct. Eng. 137 (3): 322–331. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000215.
Baker, J. W., B. Bradley, and P. Stafford. 2021. Seismic hazard and risk analysis. 1st ed. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Baker, J. W., and N. Jayaram. 2008. “Correlation of spectral acceleration values from NGA ground motion models.” Earthquake Spectra 24 (1): 299–317. https://doi.org/10.1193/1.2857544.
Baker, J. W., and C. Lee. 2018. “An improved algorithm for selecting ground motions to match a conditional spectrum.” J. Earthquake Eng. 22 (4): 708–723. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632469.2016.1264334.
Bocchini, P., V. Christou, and M. Miranda. 2016. Correlated maps for regional multi-hazard analysis: Ideas for a novel approach. In Multi-hazard approaches to civil infrastructure engineering. Berlin: Springer.
Boore, D. 2010. “Orientation-independent, nongeometric-mean measures of seismic intensity from two horizontal components of motion.” Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 100 (Jun): 1830–1835. https://doi.org/10.1785/0120090400.
Bruneau, M., and A. M. Reinhorn. 2003. “A framework to quantitatively assess and enhance the seismic resilience of communities.” Earthquake Spectra 19 (4): 733–752. https://doi.org/10.1193/1.1623497.
Bruneau, M., and A. M. Reinhorn. 2007. “Exploring the concept of seismic resilience for acute care facilities.” Earthquake Spectra 23 (1): 41–62. https://doi.org/10.1193/1.2431396.
Burton, H. V., G. Deierlein, D. Lallemant, and T. Lin. 2016. “Framework for incorporating probabilistic building performance in the assessment of community seismic resilience.” J. Struct. Eng. 142 (8): C4015007. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001321.
Cimellaro, G. P., A. M. Reinhorn, and M. Bruneau. 2010. “Framework for analytical quantification of disaster resilience.” Eng. Struct. 32 (11): 3639–3649. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2010.08.008.
Cook, D. T., A. B. Liel, C. B. Haselton, and M. A. Koliou. 2022. “A framework for operationalizing the assessment of post-earthquake functional recovery of buildings.” Earthquake Spectra 38 (3): 1972–2007. https://doi.org/10.1177/87552930221081538.
DataSF. 2020. “GSA—City administrator’s office, land use database.” Accessed July 23, 2023. https://data.sfgov.org/Housing-and-Buildings/Land-Use/us3s-fp9q.
Deierlein, G. G., H. Krawinkler, and C. A. Cornell. 2003. “A framework for performance-based earthquake engineering.” In Proc., 7th Pacific Conf. on Earthquake Engineering. Christchurch, New Zealand: New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering.
FEMA. 2000. Prestandard and commentary for the seismic rehabilitation of buildings. FEMA 356. Washington, DC: FEMA.
FEMA. 2012. Reducing the risks of nonstructural earthquake damage—A practical guide. 3rd ed. Washington, DC: FEMA.
FEMA. 2018a. Seismic performance assessment of buildings, Volume 1—Methodology. FEMA P-58-1. Washington, DC: FEMA.
FEMA. 2018b. Seismic performance assessment of buildings, Volume 3—Supporting electronic materials and background documentation. FEMA P-58-3. Washington, DC: FEMA.
FEMA. 2018c. Seismic performance assessment of buildings, Volume 5—Expected seismic performance of code-conforming buildings. FEMA P-58-5. Washington, DC: FEMA.
Goda, K., and H. P. Hong. 2008. “Spatial correlation of peak ground motions and response spectra.” Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 98 (1): 354–365. https://doi.org/10.1785/0120070078.
Haselton, C., and G. Deierlein. 2008. Assessing seismic collapse safety of modern reinforced concrete moment-frame buildings. Berkeley, CA: Pacific Earthquake Research Center.
Haselton, C., A. Liel, G. Deierlein, B. Dean, and J. Chou. 2011. “Seismic collapse safety of reinforced concrete buildings. I: Assessment of ductile moment frames.” J. Struct. Eng. 137 (4): 481–491. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000318.
Heresi, P., and E. Miranda. 2019. “Uncertainty in intraevent spatial correlation of elastic pseudo-acceleration spectral ordinates.” Bull. Earthquake Eng. 17 (3): 1099–1115. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-018-0506-6.
Heresi, P., and E. Miranda. 2023. “RPBEE: Performance-based earthquake engineering on a regional scale.” Earthquake Spectra 39 (3): 1328–1351. https://doi.org/10.1177/87552930231179491.
Jayaram, N., and J. W. Baker. 2009. “Correlation model for spatially distributed ground-motion intensities.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 38 (15): 1687–1708. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.922.
Joyner, M., C. Gardner, B. Puentes, and M. Sasani. 2021. “Resilience-based seismic design of buildings through multiobjective optimization.” Eng. Struct. 246 (Nov): 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2021.113024.
Joyner, M., B. Puentes, C. Gardner, S. Steinberg, and M. Sasani. 2022. “Multiobjective optimization of building seismic design for resilience.” J. Struct. Eng. 148 (4): 04022006. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0003286.
Joyner, M., and M. Sasani. 2018. “Multihazard risk-based resilience analysis of east and west coast buildings designed to current codes.” J. Struct. Eng. 144 (9): 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0002132.
Joyner, M., and M. Sasani. 2020. “Building performance for earthquake resilience.” Eng. Struct. 210 (4): 110371. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2020.110371.
Koliou, M., J. W. van de Lindt, T. P. McAllister, B. R. Ellingwood, M. Dillard, and H. Cutler. 2020. “State of the research in community resilience: Progress and challenges.” Sustainable Resilient Infrastruct. 5 (3): 131–151. https://doi.org/10.1080/23789689.2017.1418547.
Lin, P., and N. Wang. 2017. “Stochastic post-disaster functionality recovery of community building portfolios I: Modeling.” Struct. Saf. 69 (2): 96–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strusafe.2017.05.002.
Lin, P., N. Wang, and B. R. Ellingwood. 2016. “A risk de-aggregation framework that relates community resilience goals to building performance objectives.” Sustainable and Resilient Infrastructure 1 (1–2): 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/23789689.2016.1178559.
Lin, T., and J. W. Baker. 2015. Conditional spectra, encyclopedia of earthquake engineering. Berlin: Springer.
Lin, T., S. C. Harmsen, J. W. Baker, and N. Luco. 2013. “Conditional spectrum computation incorporating multiple causal earthquakes and ground motion prediction models.” Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 103 (2): 1103–1116. https://doi.org/10.1785/0120110293.
Lizundia, B. G., and R. Gallagher. 2015. “Lessons from the post-earthquake safety evaluation in the 2010-2011 Canterbury, New Zealand, earthquakes and implications for updating ATC-20.” In Proc., 15th U.S.-Japan Workshop on the improvement of Structural Engineering and Resiliency. Redwood City, CA: Applied Technology Council.
Markhvida, M., L. Ceferino, and J. W. Baker. 2017. “Effect of ground motion correlation on regional seismic loss estimation: Application to Lima, Peru, using a cross-correlated principal component analysis model.” In Presented at the Safety, Reliability, Risk, Resilience and Sustainability of Structures and Infrastructure, edited by C. Bucher, B. R. Ellingwood, and D. M. Frangopol. Vienna, Austria: International Association for Structural Safety and Reliability.
McKenna, F., M. H. Scott, and G. L. Fenves. 2010. “Nonlinear fine-element analysis software architecture using object composition.” J. Comput. Civ. Eng. 24 (1): 95–107. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CP.1943-5487.0000002.
Mieler, M., B. Stojadinovic, R. Budnitz, M. Comerio, and S. Mahin. 2015. “A framework for linking community-resilience goals to specific performance targets for the built environment.” Earthquake Spectra 31 (3): 1267–1283. https://doi.org/10.1193/082213EQS237M.
Moehle, J. P., and G. G. Deierlein. 2004. “A framework methodology for performance-based earthquake engineering.” In Proc., 13th World Conf. on Earthquake Engineering. Vancouver, BC, Canada: Canadian Association for Earthquake Engineering.
Molina Hutt, C., T. Vahanvaty, and P. Kourehpaz. 2022. “An analytical framework to assess earthquake-indiced downtime and model recovery of buildings.” Earthquake Spectra 38 (2): 1283–1320. https://doi.org/10.1177/87552930211060856.
Murray, J. A., E. Hecht, and M. Sasani. 2016. “Modeling bar slip in nonductile reinforced concrete columns.” J. Struct. Eng. 142 (10): 04016085. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001551.
NIST. 2011. Selecting and scaling earthquake ground motions for performing response-history analyses. Gaithersburg, MD: NIST.
NIST. 2015. Community resilience planning guide for buildings and infrastructure systems, Volume I, special publication (NIST SP). Gaithersburg, MD: NIST.
NIST. 2016. Community resilience planning guide for buildings and infrastructure systems. Gaithersburg, MD: NIST.
NIST. 2017. Guidelines for nonlinear structural analysis for design of buildings Part IIb—Reinforced concrete moment frames. Gaithersburg, MD: NIST.
Nozhati, S., B. Ellingwood, and H. Mahmoud. 2019. “Understanding community resilience from a PRA perspective using binary decision diagrams.” Risk Anal. 39 (10): 2127–2142. https://doi.org/10.1111/risa.13321.
OSSPAC (Oregon Seismic Safety Policy Advisory Commission). 2013. The Oregon resilience plan: Reducing risk and improving recovery for the next Cascadia earthquake and tsunami. Salem, OR: OSSPAC.
Sagiroglu, S., and M. Sasani. 2014. “Progressive collapse-resisting mechanisms of reinforced concrete structures and effects of initial damage locations.” J. Struct. Eng. 140 (3): 04013073. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000854.
Scott, B., R. Park, and M. Priestley. 1982. “Stress-strain behavior of concrete confined by overlapping hoops at low and high strain rates.” J. Am. Concr. Inst. 79 (2): 13–27. https://doi.org/10.14359/10875.
SEAOC (Structural Engineering Association of California). 1995. Performance based seismic engineering of buildings, Volume I and II. Sacramento, CA: SEAOC.
SPUR (San Francisco Planning and Urban Research Association). 2008. Defining resilience: What San Francisco needs from its seismic mitigation policies. San Francisco, CA: SPUR.
Terzic, V., P. K. Villanueva, D. Saldana, and D. Y. Yoo. 2021. “Framework for modelling post-earthquake functional recovery of buildings.” Eng. Struct. 246 (Jun): 113074. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2021.113074.
Urmson, C., and J. B. Mander. 2012. “Local buckling analysis of longitudinal reinforcing bars.” J. Struct. Eng. 138 (1): 62–71. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000414.
USGS. 2018. “Unified hazard tool.” Accessed December 6, 2018. https://earthquake.usgs.gov/hazards/interactive/.
WSEMC (Washington State Emergency Management Council). 2012. “Seismic safety committee.” In Resilient Washington State: A framework for minimizing loss and improving statewide recovery after an earthquake. Washington, DC: WSEMC.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 150 • Issue 10 • October 2024
Copyright
© 2024 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: May 16, 2023
Accepted: May 2, 2024
Published online: Jul 31, 2024
Published in print: Oct 1, 2024
Discussion open until: Dec 31, 2024
ASCE Technical Topics:
- Architectural engineering
- Buildings
- Construction engineering
- Construction methods
- Correlation
- Disaster risk management
- Disasters and hazards
- Earthquakes
- Engineering fundamentals
- Geohazards
- Geotechnical engineering
- Geotechnical investigation
- Ground motion
- Mathematics
- Natural disasters
- Probability
- Statistics
- Structural engineering
- Structures (by type)
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.