Experimental Parameter Study on CLT Shear Walls with Self-Tapping Screw Connections
Publication: Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 150, Issue 1
Abstract
This paper presents experimental investigations on the lateral performance of cross-laminated timber (CLT) shear walls with customized self-tapping screw (STS) connections. The panel-to-base (hold-downs and shear brackets) and panel-to-panel (spline) connections were tested under quasi-static monotonic and reversed cyclic loading to derive design values of STS, which were shown to be 2.8–3.6 times higher than those calculated using the current Canadian timber design standard. Then, a total of 26 CLT shear walls, including single-, double- and triple-panel configurations, were tested, again under quasi-static monotonic and reversed cyclic loading. The shear walls consisted of five-ply, 139-mm-thick and 3-m-high CLT panels with aspect ratio of either or , and different numbers of STS in the connections. The shear wall strength and corresponding displacements increased with the number of screws in hold-downs and spline joints; further, it increased with number of connected panels and decreased as a function of aspect ratio. The data can be used for developing and calibrating numerical models to investigate the lateral responses of CLT shear walls with different configurations.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
Some or all data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Acknowledgments
The project was funded by the government of British Columbia through a Forest Innovation Investment grant and the National Research Council of Canada through an Alliance grant. The support by the UNBC technicians Michael Billups, James Andal and Ryan Stern, student research assistant Anthony Bilodeau, and ASPECT Structural Engineers principal Adam Gerber is greatly appreciated. CLT panels and screws were provided by Structurlam Ltd. and MTC Solutions, respectively.
Author contributions: Yuxin Pan contributed to the methodology, investigation, formal analysis, and writing-original draft. Thomas Teflissi contributed to the methodology, investigation, data curation, and writing-review and editing. Thomas Tannert contributed to the conceptualization, supervision, funding acquisition, and writing-review and editing.
References
Amini, M. O., J. W. van de Lindt, D. Rammer, and S. Pei. 2021. “Rocking behavior of high-aspect-ratio cross-laminated timber shear walls: Experimental and numerical investigation.” J. Archit. Eng. 27 (3): 04021013. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)AE.1943-5568.0000473.
ASTM. 2001. Standard test methods for cyclic (reversed) load test for shear resistance of walls for buildings. ASTM E2126-11. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
Bellini, A., L. Benedetti, L. Pozza, and C. Mazzotti. 2020. “Experimental characterization of monotonic and cyclic behavior of steel-to-CLT nailed joints strengthened with composite plies.” Constr. Build. Mater. 256 (May): 119460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119460.
Brandner, R., G. Flatscher, A. Ringhofer, G. Schickhofer, and A. Thiel. 2016. “Cross laminated timber (CLT): Overview and development.” Eur. J. Wood Wood Prod. 74 (3): 331–351. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-015-0999-5.
Brown, J. R., M. Li, T. Tannert, and D. Moroder. 2021. “Experimental study on orthogonal joints in cross-laminated timber with self-tapping screws installed with mixed angles.” Eng. Struct. 228 (Mar): 111560. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2020.111560.
Casagrande, D., G. Doudak, and M. Masroor. 2021. “A proposal for capacity-based design of multi-storey CLT buildings.” In Proc., Int. Network on Timber Engineering Research (INTER). Santiago de Chile, Chile: International Network on Timber Engineering Research.
CSA (Canadian Standard Association). 2019. Engineering design in wood. CSA O86-19. Mississauga, ON, Canada: CSA.
D’Arenzo, G., D. Casagrande, A. Polastri, M. Fossetti, M. Fragiacomo, and W. Seim. 2021a. “CLT shear walls anchored with shear-tension angle brackets: Experimental tests and finite-element modeling.” J. Struct. Eng. 147 (7): 04021089. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0003008.
D’Arenzo, G., W. Seim, and M. Fossetti. 2021b. “Experimental characterization of a biaxial behaviour connector for CLT wall-to-floor connections under different load directions.” Constr. Build. Mater. 295 (Jun): 123666. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.123666.
Deng, P., S. Pei, J. W. van de Lindt, M. O. Amini, and H. Liu. 2019. “Lateral behavior of panelized CLT walls: A pushover analysis based on minimal resistance assumption.” Eng. Struct. 191 (Apr): 469–478. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2019.04.080.
Dietsch, P., and R. Brandner. 2015. “Elf-tapping screws and threaded rods as reinforcement for structural timber elements—A state-of-the-art report.” Constr. Build. Mater. 97 (Oct): 78–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.04.028.
Franco, L., L. Pozza, A. Saetta, and T. Talledo. 2021. “Enhanced NV interaction domains for the design of CLT shear wall based on coupled connections models.” Eng. Struct. 231 (Mar): 111607. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2020.111607.
Gavric, I., M. Fragiacomo, and A. Ceccotti. 2015. “Cyclic behavior of CLT wall systems: Experimental tests and analytical prediction models.” J. Struct. Eng. 141 (11): 04015034. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001246.
Hossain, A., I. Danzig, and T. Tannert. 2016. “Cross-laminated timber shear connections with double-angled self-tapping screw assemblies.” J. Struct. Eng. 142 (11): 04016099. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001572.
Hossain, A., M. Popovski, and T. Tannert. 2018. “Cross-laminated timber connections assembled with a combination of screws in withdrawal and screws in shear.” Eng. Struct. 168 (Aug): 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.04.052.
IBC (International Building Code). 2021. International building code. Falls Church, VA: IBC.
ISO. 1983. Timber structures—Joints made with mechanical fasteners—General principles for the determination of strength and deformation characteristics. ISO 6891. Geneva: ISO.
Jalilifar, E., M. Koliou, and W. Pang. 2021. “Experimental and numerical characterization of monotonic and cyclic performance of cross-laminated timber dowel-type connections.” J. Struct. Eng. 147 (7): 04021102. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0003059.
Jorissen, A., and M. Fragiacomo. 2011. “General notes on ductility in timber structures.” Eng. Struct. 33 (11): 2987–2997. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2011.07.024.
Karacabeyli, E., and S. Gagnon. 2019. Canadian CLT handbook. Pointe-Claire, QC, Canada: FPInnovations.
Loss, C., A. Hossain, and T. Tannert. 2018. “Simple cross-laminated timber shear connections with spatially arranged screws.” Eng. Struct. 173 (Oct): 340–356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.07.004.
Masroor, M., G. Doudak, and D. Casagrande. 2020. “The effect of bi-axial behaviour of mechanical anchors on the lateral response of multi-panel CLT shearwalls.” Eng. Struct. 224 (Dec): 111202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2020.111202.
Nolet, V., D. Casagrande, and G. Doudak. 2019. “Multipanel CLT shearwalls: An analytical methodology to predict the elastic-plastic behaviour.” Eng. Struct. 179 (Jan): 640–654. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.11.017.
NRC (National Research Council of Canada). 2020. National building code of Canada, Canadian commission on building and fire codes. Ottawa: NRC.
Popovski, M., J. Schneider, and M. Schweinsteiger. 2010. “Lateral load resistance of cross-laminated wood panels.” In Proc., World Conf. on Timber Engineering. Graz, Austria: Graz Univ. of Technology.
Ranta-Maunus, A. 2004. “Theoretical and practical aspects of the reliability analysis of timber structures.” In Proc., World Conf. on Timber Engineering. Helsinki, Finland: Finnish Association of Civil Engineers RIL.
Schneider, J., Y. Shen, S. Stiemer, and S. Tesfamariam. 2015. “Assessment and comparison of experimental and numerical model studies of cross-laminated timber mechanical connections under cyclic loading.” Constr. Build. Mater. 77 (Feb): 197–212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.12.029.
Shahnewaz, M., C. Dickof, and T. Tannert. 2023. “Experimental parameter study on single-story nailed CLT shear walls.” Eng. Struct. 291 (Sep): 116443. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2023.116443.
Shahnewaz, M., Y. Pan, M. S. Alam, and T. Tannert. 2020. “Seismic fragility estimates for cross-laminated timber platform building.” J. Struct. Eng. 146 (12): 04020256. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0002834.
Shahnewaz, M., M. Popovski, and T. Tannert. 2019. “Resistance of cross-laminated timber shear walls for platform-type construction.” J. Struct. Eng. 145 (12): 04019149. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0002413.
Sullivan, K., T. H. Miller, and R. Gupta. 2018. “Behavior of cross-laminated timber diaphragm connections with self-tapping screws.” Eng. Struct. 168 (Aug): 505–524. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.04.094.
Tannert, T., M. Follesa, M. Fragiacomo, P. Gonzalez, H. Isoda, D. Moroder, H. Xiong, and J. W. van de Lindt. 2018. “Seismic design of cross-laminated timber buildings.” Wood Fiber Sci. 50 (Aug): 3–26. https://doi.org/10.22382/wfs-2018-037.
Tomasi, R., and T. Sartori. 2013. “Mechanical behaviour of connections between wood framed shear walls and foundations under monotonic and cyclic load.” Constr. Build. Mater. 44 (Jul): 682–690. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.02.055.
Trutalli, D., L. Marchi, R. Scotta, and L. Pozza. 2019. “Capacity design of traditional and innovative ductile connections for earthquake-resistant CLT structures.” Bull. Earthquake Eng. 17 (4): 2115–2136. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-018-00536-6.
van de Lindt, J. W., M. O. Amini, D. Rammer, P. Line, S. Pei, and M. Popovski. 2020. “Seismic performance factors for cross-laminated timber shear wall systems in the United States.” J. Struct. Eng. 146 (9): 04020172. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0002718.
Zhang, X., Y. Pan, and T. Tannert. 2021. “The influence of connection stiffness on the dynamic properties and seismic performance of tall cross-laminated timber buildings.” Eng. Struct. 238 (Jul): 112261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2021.112261.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 150 • Issue 1 • January 2024
Copyright
© 2023 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Apr 20, 2023
Accepted: Aug 17, 2023
Published online: Oct 18, 2023
Published in print: Jan 1, 2024
Discussion open until: Mar 18, 2024
ASCE Technical Topics:
- Building materials
- Connections (structural)
- Engineering fundamentals
- Engineering materials (by type)
- Engineering mechanics
- Laboratory tests
- Laminating
- Materials engineering
- Materials processing
- Mathematical functions
- Mathematics
- Panels (structural)
- Shear tests
- Shear walls
- Spline (mathematics)
- Statics (mechanics)
- Structural engineering
- Structural members
- Structural systems
- Tests (by type)
- Walls
- Wood and wood products
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.