Evaluating the Efficiency of SMA Mixtures Containing Crumb Rubber and WMA Additives
Publication: Journal of Transportation Engineering, Part B: Pavements
Volume 148, Issue 2
Abstract
The huge amount of waste tire deposit and its adverse influence on the environment is a serious global concern. Using crumb rubber (CR) as a bitumen additive not only improves the efficiency of asphalt mixtures but also reduces ecological concerns. The increase in production temperatures is the negative influence of CR on asphalt mixtures. Warm mix asphalt (WMA) additives are a good solution for this problem; they can diminish production temperatures by around 30°C. This research aims to examine the characteristics of CR-modified stone matrix asphalt (SMA) mixtures containing WMA additives. Three CR contents (5%, 10%, and 15% by weight of bitumen) and two kinds of WMA additives (Sasobit and Zycotherm) were considered for this purpose. Tensile strength ratio, wheel tracking, dynamic creep, and resilient modulus tests were used to investigate the potential of moisture damage, rutting resistance, and stiffness modulus of SMA mixtures. It was found that regardless of the additive type, increasing the CR content led to the optimum binder content, dry indirect tensile strength, resilient modulus value, and flow number value increase. Still, the wet indirect tensile strength and rut depth decreased. Furthermore, using WMA additives led to a decrease in production temperatures. Also, it was found that among all specimens, the samples containing Zycotherm had better moisture resistance.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
All data generated during the study appear in the published article.
References
AASHTO. 1996. Guide, roadside design. Washington, DC: AASHTO.
AASHTO. 2002. Standard method of test for resistance of compacted asphalt mixtures to moisture-induced damage. AASHTO T 283. Washington, DC: AASHTO.
AASHTO. 2019a. Standard method of test for determining the flexural creep stiffness of asphalt binder using the bending beam rheometer (BBR). AASHTO T 313-19. Washington, DC: ASTM.
AASHTO. 2019b. Standard method of test for viscosity determination of asphalt binder using rotational viscometer. AASHTO T 316-19. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
AASHTO. 2020. Standard method of test for determining the rheological properties of asphalt binder using a dynamic shear rheometer (DSR). AASHTO T 315-20. Washington, DC: ASTM.
Al-Qadi, I. L., J. Baek, Z. Leng, H. Wang, M. Doyen, J. Kern, and S. L. Gillen. 2012. Short-term performance of modified stone matrix asphalt (SMA) produced with warm mix additives. Rantoul, IL: Illinois Center for Transportation.
Ameri, M., M. Vamegh, S. Farhad Chavoshian Naeni, and M. Molayem. 2018. “Moisture susceptibility evaluation of asphalt mixtures containing Evonik, Zycotherm and hydrated lime.” Constr. Build. Mater. 165 (Mar): 958–965. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.12.113.
ASTM. 1989. Standard test method for resistance to degradation of small-size coarse aggregate by abrasion and impact in the Los Angeles machine. ASTM C131-01. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 1995. Standard test method for indirect tension test for resilient modulus of bituminous mixtures. ASTM D4123-82. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2010. Standard test method for ductility of Bituminous materials. ASTM D113-99. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2012. Standard test method for density, relative density (specific gravity), and absorption of coarse aggregate. ASTM C127-12. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2013a. Standard test method for determining the percentage of fractured particles in coarse aggregate. ASTM D5821-01. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2013b. Standard test method for flash and fire points by Cleveland open cup tester. ASTM D92-12. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2014. Standard test method for softening point of Bitumen (ring-and-ball Apparatus). ASTM D36/D36M-12. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2017. Standard test method for specific gravity and density of semi-solid bituminous materials (Pycnometer method). ASTM D70-03. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2019. Standard test method for penetration of Bituminous materials. ASTM D5/D5M-13. Washington, DC: ASTM.
Banerjee, A., A. de Fortier Smit, and J. A. Prozzi. 2012. “The effect of long-term aging on the rheology of warm mix asphalt binders.” Fuel 97 (Jul): 603–611. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2012.01.072.
Bazzaz, M. 2018. Experimental and analytical procedures to characterize mechanical properties of asphalt concrete materials for airfield pavement applications. Lawrence, KS: Univ. of Kansas.
Bazzaz, M., M. K. Darabi, D. N. Little, and N. Garg. 2018. “A straightforward procedure to characterize nonlinear viscoelastic response of asphalt concrete at high temperatures.” Transp. Res. Rec. 2672 (28): 481–492. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361198118782033.
Bazzaz, M., M. K. Darabi, D. N. Little, and N. Garg. 2019. “Effect of evotherm-M1 on properties of asphaltic materials used at NAPMRC testing facility.” J. Test. Eval. 48 (3): 2256–2269. https://doi.org/10.1520/JTE20190446.
Bellin, P. 1997. “Development, principles and long-term performance of stone mastic asphalt in Germany.” In Proc., Symp. on Stone Mastic Asphalt and Thin Surfacings. London: Society of Chemical Industry.
Brown, E. R. 1999. Designing stone matrix asphalt mixtures for rut-resistant pavements. Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board.
BSI (British Standards Institution). 1991. Methods for determination of particle size and shape. BS 812-1. London: BSI.
Capitão, S. D., L. G. Picado-Santos, and F. Martinho. 2012. “Pavement engineering materials: Review on the use of warm-mix asphalt.” Constr. Build. Mater. 36 (Nov): 1016–1024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.06.038.
Cooley, L. A., and E. R. Brown. 2003. Potential of using stone matrix asphalt (SMA) for thin overlays. Auburn, AL: Auburn Univ.
Darabi, M. K., C. W. Huang, M. Bazzaz, E. A. Masad, and D. N. Little. 2019. “Characterization and validation of the nonlinear viscoelastic-viscoplastic with hardening-relaxation constitutive relationship for asphalt mixtures.” Constr. Build. Mater. 216 (Aug): 648–660. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.04.239.
Dong, Y., and Y. Tan. 2011. “Mix design and performance of crumb rubber modified asphalt SMA.” In Pavements and materials: Recent advances in design, testing and construction. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Fakhri, M., and A. Azami. 2017. “Evaluation of warm mix asphalt mixtures containing reclaimed asphalt pavement and crumb rubber.” J. Cleaner Prod. 165 (Nov): 1125–1132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.07.079.
Fakhri, M., S. Javadi, R. Sedghi, D. Arzjani, and Y. Zarrinpour. 2019. “Effects of deicing agents on moisture susceptibility of the WMA containing recycled crumb rubber.” Constr. Build. Mater. 227 (Dec): 116581. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.07.307.
Fakhri, M., H. Maleki, and S. Ali Hosseini. 2017. “Investigation of different test methods to quantify rutting resistance and moisture damage of GFM-WMA mixtures.” Constr. Build. Mater. 152 (Oct): 1027–1040. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.07.071.
Fini, E. H., D. J. Oldham, and T. Abu-Lebdeh. 2013. “Synthesis and characterization of biomodified rubber asphalt: Sustainable waste management solution for scrap tire and swine manure.” J. Environ. Eng. 139 (12): 1454–1461. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0000765.
Gabet, T., D. Benedetto, D. Perraton, J. De Visscher, T. Gallet, W. Bańkowski, F. Olard, J. Grenfell, D. Bodin, and C. Sauzéat. 2011. “French wheel tracking round robin test on a polymer modified bitumen mixture.” Mater. Struct. 44 (6): 1031–1046. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-011-9733-x.
Goh, S. W., and Z. You. 2009. “A simple stepwise method to determine and evaluate the initiation of tertiary flow for asphalt mixtures under dynamic creep test.” Constr. Build. Mater. 23 (11): 3398–3405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2009.06.020.
Guo, S., Q. Dai, R. Si, X. Sun, and C. Lu. 2017. “Evaluation of properties and performance of rubber-modified concrete for recycling of waste scrap tire.” J. Cleaner Prod. 148 (Apr): 681–689. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.02.046.
Izzo, R. P., and M. Tahmoressi. 1999. “Use of the Hamburg wheel-tracking device for evaluating moisture susceptibility of hot-mix asphalt.” Transp. Res. Rec. 1681 (1): 76–85. https://doi.org/10.3141/1681-10.
Jomoor, N. B., M. Fakhri, and M. R. Keymanesh. 2019. “Determining the optimum amount of recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) in warm stone matrix asphalt using dynamic creep test.” Constr. Build. Mater. 228 (Dec): 116736. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.116736.
Kandhal, P., and L. A. Cooley. 2002. “Evaluation of permanent deformation of asphalt mixtures using loaded wheel tester.” In Proc., Annual Meeting of the Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists. Auburn, AL: Auburn Univ.
Kandhal, P. S. 2002. Designing and constructing SMA mixtures: State-of-the-practice. Lanham, MD: National Asphalt Pavement Association.
Kavussi, A., and L. Hashemian. 2012. “Laboratory evaluation of moisture damage and rutting potential of WMA foam mixes.” Int. J. Pavement Eng. 13 (5): 415–423. https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2011.597859.
Korayem, A. H., H. Ziari, M. Hajiloo, M. Abarghooie, and P. Karimi. 2020. “Laboratory evaluation of stone mastic asphalt containing amorphous carbon powder as filler material.” Constr. Build. Mater. 243 (May): 118280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118280.
Korayem, A. H., H. Ziari, M. Hajiloo, and A. Moniri. 2018. “Rutting and fatigue performance of asphalt mixtures containing amorphous carbon as filler and binder modifier.” Constr. Build. Mater. 188 (Nov): 905–914. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.08.179.
Leng, Z., R. K. Padhan, and A. Sreeram. 2018. “Production of a sustainable paving material through chemical recycling of waste PET into crumb rubber modified asphalt.” J. Cleaner Prod. 180 (Apr): 682–688. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.01.171.
Li, P., X. Jiang, Z. Ding, J. Zhao, and M. Shen. 2018. “Analysis of viscosity and composition properties for crumb rubber modified asphalt.” Constr. Build. Mater. 169 (Apr): 638–647. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.02.174.
Manosalvas-Paredes, M., J. Gallego, L. Saiz, and J. M. Ma Bermejo. 2016. “Rubber modified binders as an alternative to cellulose fiber–SBS polymers in stone matrix asphalt.” Constr. Build. Mater. 121 (Sep): 727–732. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.06.028.
Mashaan, N. S., A. H. Ali, S. Koting, and M. R. Karim. 2013a. “Dynamic properties and fatigue life of stone mastic asphalt mixtures reinforced with waste tyre rubber.” Adv. Mater. Sci. Eng. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/319259.
Mashaan, N. S., A. H. Ali, S. Koting, and M. R. Karim. 2013b. “Performance evaluation of crumb rubber modified stone mastic asphalt pavement in Malaysia.” Adv. Mater. Sci. Eng. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/304676.
Mirzababaei, P. 2016. “Effect of zycotherm on moisture susceptibility of warm mix asphalt mixtures prepared with different aggregate types and gradations.” Constr. Build. Mater. 116 (Jul): 403–412. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.04.143.
Msallam, M., and I. Asi. 2018. “Improvement of local asphalt concrete binders using crumb rubber.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 30 (4): 04018048. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002238.
National Asphalt Pavement Association. 2002. Designing and constructing SMA mixtures-state-of-the-practice, quality improvement series 122. Greenbelt, MD: National Asphalt Pavement Association.
Nejad, F. M., E. Aflaki, and M. A. Mohammadi. 2010. “‘Fatigue behavior of SMA and HMA mixtures.” Constr. Build. Mater. 24 (7): 1158–1165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2009.12.025.
Norouzi, N., A. Ameli, and R. Babagoli. 2019. “Investigation of fatigue behaviour of warm modified binders and warm-stone matrix asphalt (WSMA) mixtures through binder and mixture tests.” Int. J. Pavement Eng. 22 (8): 1042–1051. https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2019.1659262.
Oliveira, J. R., H. M. Silva, L. P. Abreu, and S. R. Fernandes. 2013. “Use of a warm mix asphalt additive to reduce the production temperatures and to improve the performance of asphalt rubber mixtures.” J. Cleaner Prod. 41 (Feb): 15–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2012.09.047.
Pérez, I., and A. R. Pasandín. 2017. “Moisture damage resistance of hot-mix asphalt made with recycled concrete aggregates and crumb rubber.” J. Cleaner Prod. 165 (Nov): 405–414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.07.140.
Pouranian, M. R., R. Imaninasab, and M. Shishehbor. 2018. “The effect of temperature and stress level on the rutting performance of modified stone matrix asphalt.” Road Mater. Pavement Des. 21 (5): 1386–1398. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2018.1546221.
Prowell, B. D., G. C. Hurley, and B. Frank. 2011. Warm-mix asphalt: Best practices. Lanham, MD: National Asphalt Pavement Association.
Rezvan, B., and Z. Hassan. 2017. “Evaluation of rutting performance of stone matrix asphalt mixtures containing warm mix additives.” J. Cent. South Univ. 24 (2): 360–373. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11771-017-3438-4.
Sanchez-Alonso, E., A. Vega-Zamanillo, D. Castro-Fresno, and M. DelRio-Prat. 2011. “Evaluation of compactability and mechanical properties of bituminous mixes with warm additives.” Constr. Build. Mater. 25 (5): 2304–2311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.11.024.
Sengul, C. E., S. Oruc, E. Iskender, and A. Aksoy. 2013. “Evaluation of SBS modified stone mastic asphalt pavement performance.” Constr. Build. Mater. 41 (Apr): 777–783. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.12.065.
Sharma, V., and S. Goyal. 2006. “Comparative study of performance of natural fibres and crumb rubber modified stone matrix asphalt mixtures.” Can. J. Civ. Eng. 33 (2): 134–139. https://doi.org/10.1139/l05-096.
Shivaprasad, P. V., F. Xiao, and S. N. Amirkhanian. 2011. “Performance of warm-mix asphalt mixtures containing recycled coal ash and roofing shingles with moist aggregates for low-volume roads.” Transp. Res. Rec. 2205 (1): 48–57. https://doi.org/10.3141/2205-07.
Shivaprasad, P. V., F. Xiao, and S. N. Amirkhanian. 2012. “Evaluation of moisture sensitivity of stone matrix asphalt mixtures using polymerised warm mix asphalt technologies.” Int. J. Pavement Eng. 13 (2): 152–165. https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2011.643792.
Shu, X., and B. Huang. 2014. “Recycling of waste tire rubber in asphalt and portland cement concrete: An overview.” Constr. Build. Mater. 67 (Sep): 217–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.11.027.
Sienkiewicz, M., H. Janik, K. Borzędowska-Labuda, and J. Kucińska-Lipka. 2017. “Environmentally friendly polymer-rubber composites obtained from waste tyres: A review.” J. Cleaner Prod. 147 (Mar): 560–571. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.01.121.
Singh, S., W. Nimmo, B. M. Gibbs, and P. T. Williams. 2009. “‘Waste tyre rubber as a secondary fuel for power plants.” Fuel 88 (12): 2473–2480. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2009.02.026.
Standards Australian. 1995. Methods of sampling and testing asphalt, method 12.1: Determination of the permanent compressive strain characteristics of asphalt-dynamic creep test. AS 2891.12.1-1995. Sydney, Australia: Standards Australia.
Thomas, B. S., R. C. Gupta, and V. J. Panicker. 2016. “Recycling of waste tire rubber as aggregate in concrete: Durability-related performance.” J. Cleaner Prod. 112 (Jan): 504–513. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.08.046.
Wang, H., Z. Dang, Z. You, and D. Cao. 2012a. “Effect of warm mixture asphalt (WMA) additives on high failure temperature properties for crumb rubber modified (CRM) binders.” Constr. Build. Mater. 35 (Oct): 281–288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.04.004.
Wang, H., Z. You, J. Mills-Beale, and P. Hao. 2012b. “Laboratory evaluation on high temperature viscosity and low temperature stiffness of asphalt binder with high percent scrap tire rubber.” Constr. Build. Mater. 26 (1): 583–590. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.06.061.
Wang, H., C. Zhang, L. Li, Z. You, and A. Diab. 2016. “Characterization of low temperature crack resistance of crumb rubber modified asphalt mixtures using semi-circular bending tests.” J. Test. Eval. 44 (Mar): 847–855. https://doi.org/10.1520/JTE20150145.
Wang, T., F. Xiao, X. Zhu, B. Huang, J. Wang, and S. Amirkhanian. 2018. “Energy consumption and environmental impact of rubberized asphalt pavement.” J. Cleaner Prod. 180 (Apr): 139–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.01.086.
Witczak, M. W. 2007. Specification criteria for simple performance tests for rutting. Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board.
Xiao, F., P. W. Zhao, and S. N. Amirkhanian. 2009. “Fatigue behavior of rubberized asphalt concrete mixtures containing warm asphalt additives.” Constr. Build. Mater. 23 (10): 3144–3151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2009.06.036.
Yang, S., K. Yan, W. He, and Z. Wang. 2019. “Effects of Sasobit and Deurex additives on asphalt binders at midrange and high temperatures.” Int. J. Pavement Eng. 20 (12): 1400–1407. https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2018.1429611.
Yang, X., Z. You, M. R. M. Hasan, A. Diab, H. Shao, S. Chen, and D. Ge. 2017. “Environmental and mechanical performance of crumb rubber modified warm mix asphalt using Evotherm.” J. Cleaner Prod. 159 (Aug): 346–358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.04.168.
Yu, H., Z. Leng, and Z. Gao. 2016. “Thermal analysis on the component interaction of asphalt binders modified with crumb rubber and warm mix additives.” Constr. Build. Mater. 125 (Oct): 168–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.08.032.
Zaumanis, M., E. Olesen, V. Haritonovs, G. Brencis, and J. Smirnovs. 2012. “Laboratory evaluation of organic and chemical warm mix asphalt technologies for SMA asphalt.” Balt. J. Road Bridge Eng. 7 (3): 191–197. https://doi.org/10.3846/bjrbe.2012.26.
Ziari, H., H. Divandari, M. Hajiloo, and A. Amini. 2019. “Investigating the effect of amorphous carbon powder on the moisture sensitivity, fatigue performance and rutting resistance of rubberized asphalt concrete mixtures.” Constr. Build. Mater. 217 (Aug): 62–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.05.039.
Ziari, H., A. H. Korayem, M. Hajiloo, M. Nakhaei, A. Razmjou, and H. Divandari. 2017. “Evaluating the effect of amorphous carbon powder on moisture susceptibility and mechanical resistance of asphalt mixtures.” Constr. Build. Mater. 152 (Oct): 182–191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.06.036.
Ziari, H., M. Naghavi, and R. Imaninasab. 2018. “Performance evaluation of rubberised asphalt mixes containing WMA additives.” Int. J. Pavement Eng. 19 (7): 623–629. https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2016.1199874.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Transportation Engineering, Part B: Pavements
Volume 148 • Issue 2 • June 2022
Copyright
© 2022 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Oct 16, 2020
Accepted: Jan 4, 2022
Published online: Feb 28, 2022
Published in print: Jun 1, 2022
Discussion open until: Jul 28, 2022
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.
Cited by
- Ghazi G. Al-Khateeb, Alaa Sukkari, Helal Ezzat, Eyad Nasr, Waleed Zeiada, Rheology of Crumb Rubber-Modified Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA), Polymers, 10.3390/polym16070906, 16, 7, (906), (2024).
- Seyed Mohammad Seyed Ali Akbar, Seyed Mohsen Hosseinian, Hassan Ziari, Hassan Divandari, Evaluation of the influence of warm additives modified by Vestenamer polymer on the performance of stone matrix asphalt containing crumb rubber, Road Materials and Pavement Design, 10.1080/14680629.2024.2338775, (1-14), (2024).
- J. Nithinchary, Bhuvana Priya Dhandapani, Ramya Sri Mullapudi, Application of warm mix technology - design and performance characteristics: Review and way forward, Construction and Building Materials, 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.134915, 414, (134915), (2024).
- Hassan Ziari, Pooyan Ayar, Youssef Amjadian, Laboratory Evaluation of Short- and Long-Term Aging Resistance of Rejuvenated RAP Mixtures, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 10.1061/JMCEE7.MTENG-16236, 35, 11, (2023).