Designs of Abrasion Resistant and Durable Concrete Pavements Made with SCMs for Cold Climates
Publication: Journal of Transportation Engineering, Part B: Pavements
Volume 148, Issue 2
Abstract
Rutting from studded tire wear is a typical pavement distress in cold climates such as that of Alaska and other northern states. Current state-of-the-art advancements in material technology and concrete pavement design have allowed for implementation of improved materials and concrete pavement sections that are more resistant to rutting. The addition of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) has been identified as one effective way to produce concrete pavements with better abrasion resistance. The objective of this study was to identify and develop concrete pavement mix designs containing SCMs that can provide excellent abrasion resistance and durability to address rutting from studded tire wear and accommodate extreme climate conditions in cold regions. This study involved two phases of work. During Phase I, a series of ternary mixes containing silica fume with either slag or class F fly ash were produced and tested. The results were statistically analyzed using Minitab version 19.2.0 to identify mix designs with good performance in terms of workability, compressive strength, and flexural strength requirements for pavement applications. In Phase II, the mechanical properties and durability of concrete specimens with selected mix designs from Phase I were further evaluated to identify the optimum mix design with SCMs. This included tests for compressive strength, drying shrinkage, abrasion resistance, and other dualities such as scaling resistance to deicer salts, freeze-thaw resistance, and chloride ion penetration resistance. In terms of the properties evaluated within this study along with a cost analysis, five mixes, including four optimal mixes and the control, all provided good performance, but a quaternary mix design containing primarily silica fume and slag (SL12 SF4 FA1 mix) appeared to provide the overall best performance considering strength, durability, abrasion resistance, and cost.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
All data used during the study appear in the published article.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to acknowledge ADOT&PF and the Center for Environmentally Sustainable Transportation in Cold Climates, who provided financial assistance. Thanks also go to Mr. Anyou Zhu and Mr. Alejandro Chavez for their assistance in laboratory testing. The opinions expressed in this writing are the authors’ own and do not reflect the views of the fund providers or the authors’ affiliations.
References
ACI (American Concrete Institute). 2012. Guide for the use of silica fume in concrete. ACI 234R-06. Farmington Hills, MI: ACI.
ADOT&PF (Alaska DOT & Public Facilities). 2020. “Standard specification for highway construction.” Accessed May 5, 2020. http://www.dot.state.ak.us/stwddes/dcsspecs/assets/pdf/hwyspecs/sshc2020.pdf.
Akkaya, Y., C. Ouyang, and S. P. Shah. 2007. “Effect of supplementary cementitious materials on shrinkage and crack development in concrete.” Cem. Concr. Compos. 29 (2): 117–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2006.10.003.
Anderson, K. W., J. Uhlmeyer, M. Russell, and J. Weston. 2011. Studded tire wear resistance of PCC pavements with special mix designs. Olympia, WA: Washington State DOT.
Anderson, K. W., J. S. Uhlmeyer, and L. Pierce. 2007. Studded tire wear resistance of PCC pavements. Olympia, WA: Washington State DOT.
ArDOT (Arkansas DOT). 2016. “Estimated costs per mile.” https://www.arkansashighways.com/roadway_design_division/Cost%20per%20Mile%2(JULY%202016).pdf.
ASTM. 2009. Standard specification for slag cement for use in concrete and mortars. ASTM C989. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2010. Standard test method for resistance of concrete to rapid freezing and thawing. ASTM C666. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2012. Standard test method for scaling resistance of concrete surfaces exposed to deicing chemicals. ASTM C672. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2014. Standard test method for length change of hardened hydraulic-cement mortar and concrete. ASTM C157. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2015. Standard test method for slump of hydraulic-cement concrete. ASTM C143. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2017a. Standard specification for portland cement. ASTM C150. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2017b. Standard test method for abrasion resistance of concrete or mortar surfaces by the rotating-cutter method. ASTM C944. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2017c. Standard test method for compressive strength of cylindrical concrete specimens. ASTM C39. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2019a. Standard specification for coal fly ash and raw or calcined natural pozzolan for use in concrete. ASTM C618. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2019b. Standard test method for electrical indication of concrete’s ability to resist chloride ion penetration. ASTM C1202. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2020a. Standard practice for making and curing concrete test specimens in the laboratory. ASTM C192. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2020b. Standard specification for silica fume used in cementitious mixtures. ASTM C1240. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
Atiş, C. D. 2002. “High volume fly ash abrasion resistant concrete.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 14 (3): 274–277. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2002)14:3(274).
Bleszynski, R., R. D. Hooton, M. D. Thomas, and C. A. Rogers. 2002. “Durability of ternary blend concrete with silica fume and blast-furnace slag: Laboratory and outdoor exposure site studies.” ACI Mater. J. 99 (5): 499–508.
Bouzoubaâ, N., A. Bilodeau, B. Fournier, R. Hooton, R. Gagné, and M. Jolin. 2008. “Deicing salt scaling resistance of concrete incorporating supplementary cementing materials: Laboratory and field test data.” Can. J. Civ. Eng. 35 (11): 1261–1275. https://doi.org/10.1139/L08-067.
Cotter, A., and S. T. Muench. 2010. Studded tire wear on Portland cement concrete pavement in the Washington state department of transportation route network. Olympia, WA: Washington State DOT.
Fernandez, L., and V. M. Malhotra. 1990. “Mechanical properties, abrasion resistance, and chloride permeability of concrete incorporating granulated blast-furnace slag.” Cem. Concr. Aggregates 12 (2): 87–100. https://doi.org/10.1520/CCA10276J.
FHWA (Federal Highway Administration). 2015. Tech brief—Supplementary cementitious materials: Best practices for concrete pavements. Washington, DC: FHWA.
Gartin, R. S., and S. Saboundjian. 2005. Development and validation of urban Alaskan pavement rutting models. Juneau, AK: Alaska DOT and Public Facilities.
Gesoğlu, M., E. Güneyisi, and E. Özbay. 2009. “Properties of self-compacting concretes made with binary, ternary, and quaternary cementitious blends of fly ash, blast furnace slag, and silica fume.” Constr. Build. Mater. 23 (5): 1847–1854. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2008.09.015.
Liu, J., and D. Murph. 2019. Highly abrasion-resistant and long-lasting concrete. Juneau, AK: Alaska DOT and Public Facilities.
Malik, M. G. 2000. Studded tires in Oregon: Analysis of pavement wear and cost of mitigation. Salem, OR: Financial and Economic Analysis Unit, Financial Services, Central Services Division, Oregon DOT.
Mehta, P. K. 1991. “Durability of concrete—Fifty years of progress?” In Proc., Durability of Concrete 2nd Int. Conf. Farmington Hills, MI: American Concrete Institute.
NRMCA (National Ready Mixed Concrete Association). 2020. “Technology in Practice 17—Drying shrinkage of concrete.” Accessed May 10, 2020. https://www.nrmca.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/TIP17w.pdf.
Radlinski, M., J. Olek, and T. Nantung. 2008. “Effect of mixture composition and initial curing conditions on scaling resistance of ternary (OPC/FA/SF) concrete.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 20 (10): 668–677. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2008)20:10(668).
Ramana, G. V., M. Potharaju, N. V. Mahure, and M. Ratnam. 2014. “Abrasion resistance of multi blended concrete mixes containing fly ash and silica fume.” Int. J. Eng. Sci. Technol. 6 (6): 388–395.
Rashad, A. M., H. E.-D. H. Seleem, and A. F. Shaheen. 2014. “Effect of silica fume and slag on compressive strength and abrasion resistance of HVFA concrete.” Int. J. Concr. Struct. Mater. 8 (1): 69–81. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40069-013-0051-2.
RSMeans. 2019. Heavy construction costs with RSMeans data 2019. Norwell, MA: RSMeans.
Rupnow, T. D. 2012. Evaluation of ternary cementitious combinations. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana Transportation Research Center.
Schlorholtz, S. 2004. Development of performance properties of ternary mixes: Scoping study. Ames, IA: Iowa State Univ.
Scholz, T. V., and S. Keshari. 2010. Abrasion-resistant concrete mix designs for precast bridge deck panels. Salem, OR: Oregon DOT.
Shehata, M. H., and M. D. Thomas. 2002. “Use of ternary blends containing silica fume and fly ash to suppress expansion due to alkali–silica reaction in concrete.” Cem. Concr. Res. 32 (3): 341–349. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(01)00680-9.
Sullivan, E., and A. Moss. 2014. “Paving cost comparisons: Warm-mix asphalt versus concrete.” Accessed May 16, 2020. https://www.cement.org/docs/default-source/market-economics-pdfs/issues-trends/paving_cost_comparisons_flash.pdf?sfvrsn=13c40ebf_4.
Taylor, P. C., W. Morrison, and V. A. Jennings. 2004. “Effect of finishing practices on performance of concrete containing slag and fly ash as measured by ASTM C 672 resistance to deicer scaling tests.” Cem. Concr. Aggregates 26 (2): 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1520/CCA11923.
Thomas, M., D. S. Hopkins, M. Perreault, and K. Cail. 2007. “Ternary cement in Canada.” Concr. Int. 29 (7): 59–64.
Thomas, M., M. H. Shehata, S. G. Shashiprakash, D. S. Hopkins, and K. Cail. 1999. “Use of ternary cementitious systems containing silica fume and fly ash in concrete.” Cem. Concr. Res. 29 (8): 1207–1214. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(99)00096-4.
Toutanji, H., N. Delatte, S. Aggoun, R. Duval, and A. Danson. 2004. “Effect of supplementary cementitious materials on the compressive strength and durability of short-term cured concrete.” Cem. Concr. Res. 34 (2): 311–319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2003.08.017.
Tremblay, J., and J. Fitch. 2011. Impacts of studded tires on pavement and associated socioeconomics. Montpelier, VT: Vermont Agency of Transportation.
Wongkeo, W., P. Thongsanitgarn, A. Ngamjarurojana, and A. Chaipanich. 2014. “Compressive strength and chloride resistance of self-compacting concrete containing high level fly ash and silica fume.” Mater. Des. 64 (Dec): 261–269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2014.07.042.
WSDOT (Washington State DOT). 2018. Pavement policy. Olympia, WA: WSDOT, Multimodal Development and Delivery, Pavement Office.
Zubeck, H., L. Aleshire, S. Harvey, S. Porhola, and E. Larson. 2004. Socio-economic effects of studded tire use in Alaska. Anchorage, AK: Univ. of Alaska Anchorage.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Transportation Engineering, Part B: Pavements
Volume 148 • Issue 2 • June 2022
Copyright
© 2022 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Nov 30, 2020
Accepted: Jan 4, 2022
Published online: Mar 10, 2022
Published in print: Jun 1, 2022
Discussion open until: Aug 10, 2022
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.
Cited by
- Kunal M. Shelote, Anu Bala, Supratic Gupta, An overview of mechanical, permeability, and thermal properties of silica fume concrete using bibliographic survey and building information modelling, Construction and Building Materials, 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.131489, 385, (131489), (2023).