Lateral Cyclic Behavior of SRC-RC Hybrid Columns Bending around Strong and Weak Axes: Effects of Embedment Lengths
Publication: Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities
Volume 38, Issue 1
Abstract
Hybrid columns with partial structural steel-reinforced concrete (SRC) and reinforced concrete (RC) sections in the transfer stories of buildings are prone to premature shear failure due to sudden changes in load bearing and stiffness properties. An experimental program was undertaken in this study to investigate the influence of the length of embedment of structural steel in hybrid SRC-RC columns bending around strong and weak axes. Five large-scale specimens with varying lengths of embedded structural steel were tested under gradually increasing lateral cyclic displacements and constant axial load. The main parameters studied were the failure mechanism, hysteretic response, energy dissipation potential, and lateral stiffness of test specimens. Test results showed that all SRC-RC specimens, irrespective of the direction of lateral loading, had higher lateral strengths than the RC columns. However, specimens with the lower embedment of structural steel performed poorly due to shear-dominated failure. Test results also highlighted the detailing requirements for lateral ties in the zone where structural steel was not present to promote the flexural mode of failure. Numerical analysis based on finite element modeling was carried out to predict the strength and failure mechanism of SRC-RC columns. Based on the findings of this study, recommendations are suggested for the design and detailing of these columns for practical applications.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
Some or all data, models, or codes generated or used during the study are available from the corresponding author by request.
Acknowledgments
The authors are thankful for the resources provided by the Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi. The help and support from staff members of the Heavy Structures Laboratory, IIT Delhi is gratefully acknowledged.
References
ABAQUS. 2014. ABAQUS standard user’s manual. Paris: Dassault Systèmes.
ACI (American Concrete Institute). 2005. Acceptance criteria for moment frames based on structural testing and commentary. ACI 374.1. Farmington Hills, MI: ACI.
ACI (American Concrete Institute). 2019. Building code requirements for structural concrete (ACI 318-19) and commentary on building code requirements for structural concrete (ACI 318R-19). ACI 318-19(22). Farmington Hills, MI: ACI.
AISC. 2016. Specification for structural steel buildings, an American national standard. AISC 360. Chicago: AISC.
BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards). 1992. High-strength bolts in steel structures–Code of Practice. IS:4000. New Delhi, India: BIS.
BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards). 2008. High-strength deformed steel bars and wires for concrete reinforcement–Specification. IS:1786. New Delhi, India: BIS.
BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards). 2011. Hot-rolled low, medium and high tensile structural steel. IS:2062. New Delhi, India: BIS.
BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards). 2013. Ordinary Portland cement, 43 grade–Specifications. IS:8112. New Delhi, India: BIS.
BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards). 2019. Concrete mix proportioning–Guidelines. IS:10262. New Delhi, India: BIS.
Campian, C., Z. Nagy, and M. Pop. 2015. “Behavior of fully encased steel-concrete composite columns subjected to monotonic and cyclic loading.” Procedia Eng. 117 (1): 439–451. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2015.08.193.
Chen, C., C. Chen, and T. Thuy. 2016. “Role of concrete confinement of wide-flange structural steel shape in steel reinforced concrete columns under cyclic loading.” Eng. Struct. 110 (Apr): 79–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2015.12.002.
Chen, C. C., C. C. Chen, and J. H. Shen. 2018. “Effects of steel-to-member depth ratio and axial load on flexural ductility of concrete-encased steel composite columns.” Eng. Struct. 155 (Jun): 157–166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.11.036.
Ellobody, E., and B. Young. 2011. “Numerical simulation of concrete encased steel composite columns.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 67 (2): 211–222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2010.08.003.
FEMA. 2000. Prestandard and commentary for the seismic rehabilitation of building. FEMA 356. Washington, DC: FEMA.
Gautham, A., and D. R. Sahoo. 2021. “Behavior of steel-reinforced composite concrete columns under combined axial and lateral cyclic loading.” J. Build. Eng. 39 (1): 102305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2021.102305.
Gautham, A., and D. R. Sahoo. 2022a. “Performance of SRC column-RC beam joints under combined axial and cyclic lateral loadings.” Eng. Struct. 260 (Jun): 114218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2022.114218.
Gautham, A., and D. R. Sahoo. 2022b. “Seismic collapse performance of soft-story RC frames with SRC columns designed using the energy-based method.” J. Perform. Constr. Facil. 36 (6): 04022062. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0001779.
Han, L., Q. Tan, and T. Song. 2013. “Fire performance of steel reinforced concrete (SRC) structures.” Procedia Eng. 62 (Jan): 46–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2013.08.043.
Han, L.-H., Q.-H. Tan, and T.-Y. Song. 2014. “Fire performance of steel reinforced concrete columns.” J. Struct. Eng. 141 (4): 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001081.
Han, L.-H., K. Zhou, Q.-H. Tan, and T.-Y. Song. 2016. “Performance of steel-reinforced concrete column after exposure to fire: FEA model and experiments.” J. Struct. Eng. 142 (9): 04016055. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001511.
Hassani, M., M. Safi, R. Rasti Ardakani, and A. Saedi Daryan. 2021. “Post-fire performance of steel reinforced concrete columns with different steel sections.” Adv. Struct. Eng. 24 (16): 3724–3738. https://doi.org/10.1177/13694332211036958.
Huang, W., Z. Zhou, and J. Liu. 2017. “Analytical deformation characteristics and shear capacity of SRC-RC transfer columns.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 138 (Nov): 692–700. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2017.08.024.
Hui, C., W. Cao, Y. Wang, and B. Wang. 2015. “Experimental and simulation studies on the seismic performance of I-section steel-concrete composite columns.” Adv. Struct. Eng. 18 (2): 251–268. https://doi.org/10.1260/1369-4332.18.2.251.
Jain, A., D. R. Sahoo, and A. K. Jain. 2020. “Numerical Investigation of SRC-RC transfer columns for enhanced seismic resistance.” In Proc., 17WCEE, Japan Associaton for Earthquake Engineering, 1–9. Sendai, Japan: Japan Association for Earthquake Engineering.
Kim, C.-H., H.-G. Park, K.-S. Chung, and I.-R. Choi. 2011. “Eccentric axial load testing for concrete-encased steel columns using 800 MPa steel and 100 MPa concrete.” J. Struct. Eng. 138 (8): 1019–1031. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000533.
Lai, B., J. Y. R. Liew, and M. Xiong. 2019. “Experimental study on high strength concrete encased steel composite short columns.” Constr. Build. Mater. 228 (116640): 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.08.021.
Shanmugam, N. E., and B. Lakshmi. 2001. “State of the art report on steel-concrete composite columns.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 57 (10): 1041–1080. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0143-974X(01)00021-9.
Suzuki, H., H. Nishihara, Y. Matsuzaki, and K. Minami. 2000. “Structural performance of mixed member composed of steel.” In Proc., 12WCEE, New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering, 1–8. Auckland, New Zealand: New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering.
Wang, G. Y., C. Zhang, J. Xu, and D. M. Zhang. 2020. “Post-fire seismic performance of SRC beam to SRC column frames.” In Vol. 25 of Structures, 323–334. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2020.03.016.
Wang, Q., Q. Shi, and Y. Tao. 2016. “Experimental and numerical studies on the seismic behavior of steel reinforced concrete compression-bending members with new-type section steel.” Adv. Struct. Eng. 19 (2): 255–269. https://doi.org/10.1177/1369433215624320.
Wu, K., J. Xue, Y. Nan, and H. Zhao. 2018. “Analysis on extension length of shape steel in transfer columns of SRC–RC hybrid structures.” Int. J. Steel Struct. 18 (3): 910–923. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13296-018-0038-6.
Wu, K., J. Xue, and H. Zhao. 2013. “Failure mechanism and bearing capacity of transfer columns in SRC-RC hybrid structures.” Supplement, Eur. J. Environ. Civ. Eng. 17 (S1): s205–s228. https://doi.org/10.1080/19648189.2013.834595.
Xu, C., X. Liu, X. Zha, and S. Peng. 2020. “Experimental research on seismic damage of a full-web SRC frame structure.” J. Build. Eng. 27 (Jan): 100959. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2019.100959.
Zhang, C., G. Y. Wang, S. D. Xue, and H. X. Yu. 2016. “Experimental research on the behaviour of eccentrically loaded SRC columns subjected to the ISO-834 standard fire including a cooling phase.” Int. J. Steel Struct. 16 (2): 425–439. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13296-016-6014-0.
Zhang, H., K. Wu, P. Cao, C. Xu, and L. Ren. 2019. “Failure modes and damage processes of vulnerable stories in SRC-RC hybrid frames.” J. Perform. Constr. Facil. 33 (5): 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0001323.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities
Volume 38 • Issue 1 • February 2024
Copyright
© 2023 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: May 25, 2023
Accepted: Sep 7, 2023
Published online: Oct 28, 2023
Published in print: Feb 1, 2024
Discussion open until: Mar 28, 2024
ASCE Technical Topics:
- Analysis (by type)
- Concrete
- Continuum mechanics
- Dynamic loads
- Dynamics (solid mechanics)
- Engineering fundamentals
- Engineering materials (by type)
- Engineering mechanics
- Failure analysis
- Failure modes
- Finite element method
- Forensic engineering
- Hybrid methods
- Lateral loads
- Materials engineering
- Methodology (by type)
- Numerical methods
- Reinforced concrete
- Shear failures
- Solid mechanics
- Steel structures
- Structural dynamics
- Structural engineering
- Structural failures
- Structures (by type)
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.