Influences of Wetting–Drying Cycles on Expansion and Shrinkage, Crack, and Leaching Behaviors of Lime Solidified Pb(II) Contaminated Expansive Soil
Publication: Journal of Environmental Engineering
Volume 150, Issue 8
Abstract
The stabilization/solidification method can improve the engineering properties and reduce the environmental risks of heavy metal-contaminated expansive soil. However, the solidification effects deteriorate for soils experiencing wetting–drying (W–D) cycles. For this objective, the expansion/shrinkage, cracking, and leaching behaviors, as well as the corresponding internal relations, of lime-solidified lead-contaminated expansive soil were investigated. The results showed that during the W–D process, the volumetric strain increased, particularly along the radial direction. The cracks gradually developed and increased in length, width, and surface-crack ratio. Contaminant leaching and mobility increased, increasing environmental risk. In addition, a higher Pb(II) concentration in the solidified soil exhibited a more notable expansion potential release, crack development, and leaching capacity. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy results revealed the redistribution of soil particles and pores rather than chemical changes in mineral components during the deterioration process, and increasing the lead concentration accelerated the deterioration of W–D cycles. Finally, based on the grey correlation analysis, deterioration effects in leaching behaviors were controlled by expansion/shrinkage exponential release for solidified soil experiencing lower W–D cycles and higher Pb(II) concentrations, whereas leaching behaviors were controlled by crack behavior for solidified soil experiencing higher W–D cycles and lower Pb(II) concentrations.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
All data, models, or code that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 42030710), National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant Nos. 2022CSJGG1202, 2022CSJGG1205, and 2019YFC1509903), the Key Research and Development Plan of Anhui Province (Grant No. JZ2022AKKG0104), and Anhui Provincial Natural Science Foundation (Grant No. JZ2023AKZR0568).
References
Alazigha, D. P. 2015. “The efficacy of lignosulfonate in controlling the swell potential of expansive soil and its stabilization mechanisms.” Ph.D. thesis, School of Civil, Mining and Environmental Engineering, Univ. of Wollongong.
Albrecht, B. A., and C. H. Benson. 2001. “Effect of desiccation on compacted natural clays.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. 127 (1): 67–75. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2001)127:1(67).
ASTM. 2015. Standard test methods for wetting and drying compacted soil-cement mixtures. ASTM D559/D559M-15. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
Bozbey, I. 2018. “Microfabric evaluation of lime-treated clays by mercury intrusion porosimetry and environment scanning electron microscopy.” Int. J. Civ. Eng. 16 (4): 443–456. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40999-017-0151-5.
Cheng, Y., S. Wang, J. Li, X. Huang, L. Chang, and J. Wu. 2018. “Engineering and mineralogical properties of stabilized expansive soil compositing lime and natural pozzolans.” Constr. Build. Mater. 187 (Oct): 1031–1038. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.08.061.
Du, Y., M. Wei, K. R. Reddy, Z. Liu, and F. Jin. 2014. “Effect of acid rain pH on leaching behavior of cement stabilized lead-contaminated soil.” J. Hazard. Mater. 271 (Apr): 131–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.02.002.
Fang, F., H. Jiang, J. Wang, and H. Yu. 2014. “Identifying the influential priority of the factors governing PHB production by activated sludge with integration of uniform design and grey relational analysis.” Sep. Purif. Technol. 136 (Nov): 111–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2014.08.035.
Gupta, S., M. K. Pandey, and R. K. Srivastava. 2015. “Evaluation of cement kiln dust stabilized heavy metals contaminated expansive soil-a laboratory study.” Eur. J. Adv. Eng. Tech. 2 (6): 37–42.
Hale, B., L. J. Evans, and R. Lambert. 2012. “Effects of cement or lime on Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb, Sb and Zn mobility in field-contaminated and aged soils.” J. Hazard. Mater. 199 (Jan): 119–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.10.065.
Hunce, S. Y., D. Akgul, G. Demir, and B. Mertoglu. 2012. “Solidification/stabilization of landfill leachate concentrate using different aggregate materials.” Waste Manage. 32 (7): 1394–1400. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2012.03.010.
Indiramma, P., C. Sudharani, and S. Needhidasan. 2020. “Utilization of fly ash and lime to stabilize the expansive soil and to sustain pollution free environment-An experimental study.” Mater. Today Proc. 22 (Jan): 694–700. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.09.147.
James, R., A. Unnikrishnan, and R. S. Sharma. 2013. “Statistical regression models for predicting the swelling pressure of compacted expansive soils.” Int. J. Geotech. Eng. 7 (4): 431–437. https://doi.org/10.1179/1938636213Z.00000000046.
Knop, A., J. F. VanGulck, K. S. Heineck, and N. C. Consoli. 2008. “Compacted artificially cemented soil-acid leachate contaminant interactions: Breakthrough curves and transport parameters.” J. Hazard. Mater. 155 (1–2): 269–276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.11.056.
Kumar, A., and P. Lingfa. 2020. “Sodium bentonite and kaolin clays: Comparative study on their FT-IR, XRF, and XRD.” Mater. Today Proc. 22 (3): 737–742. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.10.037.
Kumar, H., W. Cai, J. Lai, P. Chen, S. P. Ganesan, S. Bordoloi, X. Liu, Y. Wen, A. Garg, and G. Mei. 2020. “Influence of in-house produced biochars on cracks and retained water during drying-wetting cycles: Comparison between conventional plant, animal, and nano-biochars.” J. Soils Sediments 20 (Feb): 1983–1996. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-020-02573-8.
Lévy-Clément, C., and Y. Billiet. 1976. “Étude structurale de et .” Bull. de Minéralogie 99 (6): 361–372. https://doi.org/10.3406/bulmi.1976.7099.
Li, J., Q. Xue, P. Wang, Z. Li, and L. Liu. 2014. “Effect of drying-wetting cycles on leaching behavior of cement solidified lead-contaminated soil.” Chemosphere 117 (Dec): 10–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.05.045.
Li, W., P. Ni, and Y. Yi. 2019. “Comparison of reactive magnesia, quick lime, and ordinary Portland cement for stabilization/solidification of heavy metal-contaminated soils.” Sci. Total Environ. 671 (Jun): 741–753. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.270.
Lin, B., and A. B. Cerato. 2011. “Prediction of expansive soil swelling based on four micro-scale properties.” Bull. Eng. Geol. Environ. 71 (1): 71–78. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-011-0410-7.
Liu, J., F. Zha, L. Xu, B. Kang, C. Yang, W. Zhang, J. Zhang, and Z. Liu. 2020. “Zinc leachability in contaminated soil stabilized/solidified by cement-soda residue under freeze-thaw cycles.” Appl. Clay Sci. 186 (Mar): 105474. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2020.105474.
Lu, X. S. 2015. “Experimental study of expansive soil improved by ionic soil stabilizer.” Mater. Sci. Eng. 426–431. https://doi.org/10.12783/DTMSE/ICMEA2015/7301.
Lv, H., X. Chen, X. Wang, X. Zeng, and Y. Ma. 2022. “A novel study on a micromixer with Cantor fractal obstacle through grey relational analysis.” Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 183 (Feb): 122159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2021.122159.
Mehta, B., and A. Sachan. 2017. “Effect of mineralogical properties of expansive soil on its mechanical behavior.” Geotech. Geol. Eng. 35 (6): 2923–2934. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-017-0289-6.
Nabil, M., A. Mustapha, and S. Rios. 2018. “Long term evaluation of wetting-drying cycles for compacted soils treated with lime: Recent advances in geo-environmental engineering.” In Proc., Recent Advances in Geo-Environmental Engineering, Geomechanics and Geotechnics, and Geohazards: Proc., 1st Springer Conf. of the Arabian Journal of Geosciences (CAJG-1), 277–281. Tunisia: Advances in Science, Technology & Innovation.
Perraki, T., G. Kakali, and F. Kontoleon. 2003. “The effect of natural zeolites on the early hydration of Portland cement.” Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 61 (1–3): 205–212. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1387-1811(03)00369-X.
Sarkozy, R. F., and B. L. Chamberland. 1973. “The preparation of several new ternary oxides of osmium.” Mater. Res. Bull. 8 (12): 1351–1359. https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-5408(73)90019-6.
Sezer, A., G. Inan, H. R. Yılmaz, and K. Ramyar. 2006. “Utilization of a very high lime fly ash for improvement of Izmir clay.” Build. Environ. 41 (2): 150–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2004.12.009.
Soldo, A. T., and M. Miletić. 2022. “Durability against wetting-drying cycles of sustainable biopolymer-treated soil.” Polymers 14 (19): 4247. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14194247.
Sun, Y., D. Zhang, H. Tao, and Y. Yang. 2022. “The effects of portland and sulphoaluminate cements solidification/stabilization on semi-dynamic leaching of heavy metal from contaminated sediment.” Sustainability 14 (9): 5681. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095681.
Tang, C., B. Shi, Y. Cui, C. Liu, and K. Gu. 2012. “Desiccation cracking behavior of polypropylene fiber-reinforced clayey soil.” Can. Geotech. J. 49 (9): 1088–1101. https://doi.org/10.1139/t2012-067.
Tang, C., B. Shi, C. Liu, L. Zhao, and B. Wang. 2008. “Influencing factors of geometrical structure of surface shrinkage cracks in clayey soils.” Eng. Geol. 101 (3–4): 204–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2008.05.005.
Thyagaraj, T., S. M. Rao, P. Suresh, and U. Salini. 2012. “Laboratory studies on stabilization of an expansive soil by lime precipitation technique.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 24 (8): 1067–1075. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000483.
Tiwari, N., N. Satyam, and A. J. Puppala. 2021. “Strength and durability assessment of expansive soil stabilized with recycled ash and natural fibers.” Transp. Geotech. 29 (Jul): 100556. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trgeo.2021.100556.
Wang, G., and X. Wei. 2015. “Modeling swelling-shrinkage behavior of compacted expansive soils during wetting-drying cycles.” Can. Geotech. J. 52 (6): 783–794. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2014-0059.
Wei, X., C. Gao, and L. D. Liu. 2020. “A review of cracking behavior and mechanism in clayey soils related to desiccation.” Adv. Civ. Eng. 2020 (Aug): 8880873. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8880873.
Xue, Q., P. Wang, J. Li, T. Zhang, and S. Wang. 2017. “Investigation of the leaching behavior of lead in stabilized/solidified waste using a two-year semi-dynamic leaching test.” Chemosphere 166 (Jan): 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.09.059.
Yang, H., Z. Zhang, X. Zhou, J. Wang, and D. Liu. 2022. “Simultaneous stabilization/solidification of arsenic in acidic wastewater and tin mine tailings with synthetic multiple solid waste base geopolymer.” J. Environ. Manage. 320 (Oct): 115783. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115783.
Yazdandoust, F., and S. S. Yasrobi. 2010. “Effect of cyclic wetting and drying on swelling behavior of polymer-stabilized expansive clays.” Appl. Clay Sci. 50 (4): 461–468. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2010.09.006.
Zhao, N. F., W. Ye, B. Chen, Y. Chen, and Y. Cui. 2018. “Modeling of the swelling-shrinkage behavior of expansive clays during wetting-drying cycles.” Acta Geotech. 14 (Oct): 1325–1335. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11440-018-0718-6.
Zhu, H., Y. Zhang, Z. Li, and X. Xue. 2021. “Study on crack development and micro-pore mechanism of expansive soil improved by coal gangue under drying-wetting cycles.” Materials 14 (21): 6546. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14216546.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Environmental Engineering
Volume 150 • Issue 8 • August 2024
Copyright
© 2024 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Nov 7, 2023
Accepted: Feb 26, 2024
Published online: May 24, 2024
Published in print: Aug 1, 2024
Discussion open until: Oct 24, 2024
ASCE Technical Topics:
- Chemical processes
- Chemistry
- Continuum mechanics
- Cracking
- Engineering mechanics
- Environmental engineering
- Expansive soils
- Fine-grained soils
- Fracture mechanics
- Geomechanics
- Geotechnical engineering
- Leaching
- Pollution
- Soil dynamics
- Soil mechanics
- Soil pollution
- Soil properties
- Soil stabilization
- Soils (by type)
- Solid mechanics
- Solidification
- Waste management
- Waste treatment
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.