Early-Age Bond Behavior of Deformed Bars in Concrete Subjected to Bilateral Pressures
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 35, Issue 8
Abstract
In RC structures during construction, the bond behavior of deformed bars in concrete is governed by the age-related concrete strength, the local confining pressure, the bar diameter, and the concrete cover thickness. In this paper, an experimental investigation was performed to quantify the influences of the curing age and the bilateral pressure on the bond behavior of deformed bars in early-age concrete with 204 pull-out specimens for different concrete strengths, bar diameters, and relative concrete cover thicknesses. It was shown that the failure mode was associated greatly with the age-related concrete strength, the concrete cover thickness, and the pressure level, and that the bond strength increased with the pressure level and curing age, whereas the corresponding slip decreased with the curing age. Based on the regression analysis, calculation models were developed to predict the ultimate bond stress and the corresponding slip. A bond–slip model is proposed to describe the bond stress–slip relationship of deformed bars in early-age concrete under bilateral pressures, and the model was verified with the test results.
Practical Applications
For RC structures, there is experimental evidence that the lateral pressure around the bond region has a great effect on the bond behavior of deformed bars in concrete. From an engineering practice perspective, the early-age bond behavior of deformed bars in concrete under bilateral pressures plays an important role in the structural analysis of RC structures during construction, and is very meaningful for the entire life-cycle modeling of RC structures. In this study, an experimental investigation was conducted to predict the failure mode and bond parameters, and to propose a universal bond–slip constitutive model of deformed bars in concrete under bilateral pressures. The good agreement between the model predictions and the experimental results shows that the proposed bond–slip model can be used effectively for the design and reliability assessment of RC structures during construction, and therefore demonstrates the potential of the proposed bond–slip model in the entire life-cycle analysis for practical applications.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
All data, models, and code generated or used during the study appear in the published article.
Acknowledgments
The financial support from the Hebei Natural Science Foundation with Grant No. E2021402028, the Open Research Fund Program of State Key Laboratory of Coastal and Offshore Engineering of Dalian University of Technology with Grant No. LP2113, the National Natural Science Foundation with Grant No. 51278082 of the People’s Republic of China, and the UK Royal Academy of Engineering through the Distinguished Visiting Fellow Scheme with Grant No. DVF1617_5_21 is acknowledged.
References
ACI (American Concrete Institute). 2008. Building code requirements for structural concrete. ACI 318-08. Farmington Hills, MI: ACI.
Ajdukiewicz, A., and A. Kliszczewicz. 2002. “Influence of recycled aggregates on mechanical properties of HS/HPC.” Cem. Concr. Compos. 24 (2): 269–279. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0958-9465(01)00012-9.
Almeida Filho, F. M., M. K. El Debs, and A. L. H. C. El Debs. 2008. “Bond–slip behavior of self-compacting concrete and vibrated concrete using pull-out and beam tests.” Mater. Struct. 41 (6): 1073–1089. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-007-9307-0.
Azizinamini, A., M. Stark, J. Roller, and S. K. Ghosh. 1993. “Bond performance of reinforcing bars embedded in high strength concrete.” ACI Struct. J. 90 (5): 554–561. https://doi.org/10.14359/3951.
CEB-FIP (Comité Euro-International du Béton and International Federation for Pre-stressing). 2013. fib Model Code for concrete structures 2010. Lausanne, Switzerland: CEB-FIP.
Chapman, R. A., and S. P. Shah. 1987. “Early-age bond strength in reinforced concrete.” ACI Mater. J. 84 (6): 501–510. https://doi.org/10.14359/2438.
Corinaldesi, V., and G. Moriconi. 2009. “Influence of mineral additions on the performance of 100% recycled aggregate concrete.” Constr. Build. Mater. 23 (8): 2869–2876. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2009.02.004.
Diab, A. M., H. E. Elyamany, M. A. Hussein, and H. M. AI Ashy. 2014. “Properties of pull-out bond strength and concept to assess ultimate bond stress of NSC and HSC.” Mag. Concr. Res. 66 (17): 877–895. https://doi.org/10.1680/macr.14.00009.
Eligehausen, R., E. P. Popov, and V. V. Bertero. 1983. Local bond stress–slip relationships of deformed bars under generalized excitations. Berkeley, CA: Univ. of California.
Esfeh, S. K., H. Rong, W. Dong, and B. S. Zhang. 2021. “Experimental investigation on bond behaviours of deformed steel bars embedded in early age concrete under biaxial lateral pressure at low curing temperatures.” Constr. Build. Mater. 303 (Oct): 124419. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.124419.
Ferguson, P. M., and J. N. Thompson. 1965. “Development length for large high strength reinforcing bars.” ACI J. Proc. 62 (1): 71–94. https://doi.org/10.14359/7680.
Hamad, B. S., and M. S. Itani. 1998. “Bond strength of reinforcement in high performance concrete: Role of silica fume, casting position, and superplasticizer dosage.” ACI Mater. J. 95 (5): 499–511. https://doi.org/10.14359/392.
Hossain, K. M. A. 2008. “Bond characteristics of plain and deformed bars in lightweight pumice concrete.” Constr. Build. Mater. 22 (7): 1491–1499. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2007.03.025.
Hu, X. P., G. Peng, D. T. Niu, and J. Wang. 2019. “Bond properties of deformed steel bars in concrete during construction under reversed cyclic loading.” Constr. Build. Mater. 223 (Oct): 817–829. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.06.222.
Hughes, B. P., and C. Videla. 1992. “Design criteria for early-age bond strength in reinforced concrete.” Mater. Struct. 25 (8): 445–463. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02472635.
Li, X. X., Z. M. Wu, J. J. Zheng, and A. Alahdal. 2016a. “Effect of loading rate on bond behavior of deformed reinforcing bars in concrete under biaxial lateral pressures.” J. Struct. Eng. 142 (6): 04016027. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001479.
Li, X. X., Z. M. Wu, J. J. Zheng, A. Alahdal, and W. Dong. 2016b. “Effect of loading rate on the bond behavior of deformed steel bars in concrete subjected to lateral pressure.” Mater. Struct. 49 (6): 2097–2111. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-015-0636-0.
Malvar, L. J. 1992. “Bond of reinforcement under controlled confinement.” ACI Mater. J. 89 (6): 593–601. https://doi.org/10.14359/4039.
Mimura, Y., I. Yoshitake, and W. B. Zhang. 2011. “Uniaxial tension test of slender reinforced early age concrete members.” Materials 4 (8): 1345–1359. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma4081345.
MOHURD (Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People’s Republic of China). 2019. Standard for test method of concrete physical and mechanical properties. [In Chinese.] GB/T 50081-2019. Beijing: MOHURD of the People’s Republic of China.
Mousavi, S. S., M. Dehestani, and K. K. Mousavi. 2017. “Bond strength and development length of steel bar in unconfined self-consolidating concrete.” Eng. Struct. 131 (Jan): 587–598. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2016.10.029.
Navaratnarajah, V., and P. R. S. Speare. 1986. “An experimental study of the effects of lateral pressure on the transfer bond of reinforcing bars with variable cover.” Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng. 81 (4): 697–715. https://doi.org/10.1680/iicep.1986.468.
RILEM (International Union of Laboratories and Experts in Construction Materials, Systems and Structures). 1983. Bond test for reinforcement steel 2: Pull-out test, 218–220. London: RILEM.
Robins, P. J., and I. G. Standish. 1984. “The influence of lateral pressure upon anchorage bond.” Mag. Concr. Res. 36 (129): 195–202. https://doi.org/10.1680/macr.1984.36.129.195.
Seara-Paz, S., B. González-Fonteboa, J. Eiras-López, and M. F. Herrador. 2014. “Bond behavior between steel reinforcement and recycled concrete.” Mater. Struct. 47 (1): 323–334. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-013-0063-z.
Shah, S. P., R. A. Miller, and T. E. Virding. 1986. “Early-age shear strength of reinforced concrete beams.” In Properties of concrete at early ages, 71–92. Farmington Hills, MI: American Concrete Institute.
Shen, D. J., X. Shi, H. Zhang, X. F. Duan, and G. Q. Jiang. 2016. “Experimental study of early-age bond behavior between high strength concrete and steel bars using a pull-out test.” Constr. Build. Mater. 113 (Jun): 653–663. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.03.094.
Song, X. B., Y. Q. Li, C. Chen, F. Lin, and S. S. Shang. 2017. “Modeling early age RC slab cracking considering time-dependent bond behavior.” Eng. Struct. 138 (May): 27–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.02.015.
Song, X. B., Y. J. Wu, X. L. Gu, and C. Chen. 2015. “Bond behaviour of reinforcing steel bars in early age concrete.” Constr. Build. Mater. 94 (Sep): 209–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.06.060.
Swaddiwudhipong, S., H.-R. Lu, and T.-H. Wee. 2003. “Direct tension test and tensile strain capacity of concrete at early age.” Cem. Concr. Res. 33 (12): 2077–2084. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(03)00231-X.
Tepfers, R. 1973. “A theory of bond applied to overlapped tensile reinforcement splices for deformed bars.” Ph.D. thesis, Division of Concrete Structures, Chalmers Univ. of Technology.
Wang, J. J., P. A. M. Basheer, S. V. Nanukuttan, A. E. Long, and Y. Bai. 2016. “Influence of service loading and the resulting micro-cracks on chloride resistance of concrete.” Constr. Build. Mater. 108 (Apr): 56–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.01.005.
Wu, X., Z. M. Wu, J. J. Zheng, and X. Zhang. 2013. “Bond behaviour of deformed bars in self-compacting lightweight concrete subjected to lateral pressure.” Mag. Concr. Res. 65 (23): 1396–1410. https://doi.org/10.1680/macr.13.00123.
Wu, Z. M., X. Zhang, J. J. Zheng, Y. Hu, and Q. B. Li. 2014. “Experimental study on the bond behavior of deformed bars embedded in concrete subjected to lateral tension.” Mater. Struct. 47 (10): 1647–1668. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-013-0143-0.
Wu, Z. M., X. X. Zhang, Z. Ma, X. R. Li, and R. C. Yu. 2021. “Bond behavior of deformed bars in self-compacting lightweight aggregate concrete at early ages.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 33 (2): 04020460. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0003573.
Xiao, J. Z., and H. Falkner. 2007. “Bond behaviour between recycled aggregate concrete and steel rebars.” Constr. Build. Mater. 21 (2): 395–401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2005.08.008.
Xu, F., Z. M. Wu, J. J. Zheng, Y. Hu, and Q. B. Li. 2012. “Experimental study on the bond behavior of reinforcing bars embedded in concrete subjected to lateral pressure.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 24 (1): 125–133. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000365.
Yalciner, H., O. Eren, and S. Sensoy. 2012. “An experimental study on the bond strength between reinforcement bars and concrete as a function of concrete cover, strength and corrosion level.” Cem. Concr. Res. 42 (5): 643–655. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2012.01.003.
Zhang, X., Z. M. Wu, J. J. Zheng, Y. Hu, and Q. B. Li. 2014. “Experimental study on bond behavior of deformed bars embedded in concrete subjected to biaxial lateral tensile compressive stresses.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 26 (4): 761–772. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000854.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 35 • Issue 8 • August 2023
Copyright
© 2023 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jul 6, 2022
Accepted: Jan 5, 2023
Published online: May 26, 2023
Published in print: Aug 1, 2023
Discussion open until: Oct 26, 2023
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.