Optimization of Hydraulic Fracture Treatment Parameters for Normally Pressured Longmaxi and Wufeng Shales in the Southeastern Sichuan Basin in China
Publication: Journal of Energy Engineering
Volume 149, Issue 2
Abstract
Lower Silurian Longmaxi and Upper Ordovician Wufeng shales are gas-producing formations. These formations have ultralow porosity and permeability in the southeastern Sichuan Basin and have normal formation pressures with pressure coefficients of less than 1.2. Hydraulic fracturing has been proven as the best development strategy to produce gas. But choosing hydraulic fracture treatment parameters becomes challenging due to strong reservoir heterogeneity, significant horizontal stress contrast and high in situ stress in this region. We employed the pseudo-three-dimensional (P3D) model to study fracturing fluid types, injection rates, and proppant sizes to optimize the fracturing design of these shale formations. First, this model was solved in the simulator by the finite element method (FEM) to obtain the fracture height, length, and width. Then the results were validated by 3D Tip dominated model, and the perkins-kern-nordgren (PKN) and khristianovic-geertsma-deklerk (KGD) analytical models, which are popular and most used in designing hydraulic fractures. It was found that as the volumetric injection rate and gel loading in the fracturing fluid rise, so do the generated fracture length and width. Furthermore, the formations’ stress contrast affected the shape of the fracture, the interval with lower stress had a wider fracture compared to the interval with higher stress. Also, the higher stress in the layers above and below the shale formations contained the fracture height, which favored the growth of fracture in the shale formations. Lastly, it is suggested that a fluid with gel loading of 60 ppgt, proppant with 12/20 mesh size and an injection rate of be used in these shale formations with normal reservoir pressure. These parameters’ combinations created the most extended propped fracture length of 264.8 m, and the average width was 1.06 cm.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
All data, models, and code generated or used during the study appear in the published article.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to acknowledge the financial support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 42130803). Also, special thanks are given to the China Scholarship Council (CSC No. 2019GBJ002427) for sponsoring the first author to study and conduct research at the China University of Geosciences at Wuhan.
References
Abaa, K., J. Y. Wang, and M. T. Ityokumbul. 2012. “Parametric study of fracture treatment parameters for ultratight gas reservoirs.” In Proc., SPE Americas Unconventional Resources Conf. Richardson, TX: OnePetro. https://doi.org/10.2118/152877-MS.
Adachi, J., E. M. Siebrits, A. Peirce, and J. Desroches. 2007. “Computer simulation of hydraulic fractures.” Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. 44 (5): 739–757. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2006.11.006.
Adachi, J. I., E. Detournay, and A. P. Peirce. 2010. “Analysis of the classical pseudo-3D model for hydraulic fracture with equilibrium height growth across stress barriers.” Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. 47 (4): 625–639. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2010.03.008.
Ahmed, S., A. S. Hanamertani, and M. R. Hashmet. 2019. “CO 2 foam as an improved fracturing fluid system for unconventional reservoir.” In Exploitation of unconventional oil and gas resources-hydraulic fracturing and other recovery and assessment techniques. London: IntechOpen.
Al-Sadhan, N. 2014. Prediction of short-term and long-term baseline conductivity degradation for proppants of different types and sizes. Golden, CO: Colorado School of Mines.
Aminzadeh, F. 2018. “Hydraulic fracturing: An overview.” J. Sustainable Energy Eng. 6 (3): 204–228. https://doi.org/10.7569/JSEE.2018.629512.
Annigeri, B. S., and M. P. Cleary. 1984. “Surface integral finite element hybrid (SIFEH) method for fracture mechanics.” Int. J. Numer. Methods Eng. 20 (5): 869–885. https://doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620200507.
Azad, M., M. Ghaedi, A. Farasat, H. Parvizi, and H. Aghaei. 2022. “Case study of hydraulic fracturing in an offshore carbonate oil reservoir.” Pet. Res. 7 (4): 419–429. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ptlrs.2021.12.009.
Barati, R., and J. T. Liang. 2014. “A review of fracturing fluid systems used for hydraulic fracturing of oil and gas wells.” J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 131 (16): 15. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.40735.
Belyadi, H., E. Fathi, and F. Belyadi. 2019. Hydraulic fracturing in unconventional reservoirs: Theories, operations, and economic analysis. Oxford, UK: Gulf Professional Publishing.
Bokane, A., S. Jain, Y. Deshpande, and F. Crespo. 2013. “Transport and distribution of proppant in multistage fractured horizontal wells: A CFD simulation approach.” In Proc., SPE Annual Technical Conf. and Exhibition. Richardson, TX: OnePetro. https://doi.org/10.2118/166096-MS.
Cao, X., M. Wang, J. Kang, S. Wang, and Y. Liang. 2020. “Fracturing technologies of deep shale gas horizontal wells in the Weirong Block, southern Sichuan Basin.” Nat. Gas Ind. B 7 (1): 64–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ngib.2019.07.003.
Chamanzad, M., A. Ramezanzadeh, B. Tokhmechi, and H. Norouzi. 2017. “Comparison of different hydraulic fracture growth models based on a carbonate reservoir in Iran.” J. Chem. Pet. Eng. 51 (2): 95–104. https://doi.org/10.22059/jchpe.2017.232270.1191.
Chen, F., S. Lu, X. Ding, and X. He. 2018. “Shale gas reservoir characterization: A typical case in the southeast Chongqing of Sichuan Basin, China.” PLoS One 13 (6): E0199283. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0199283.
Chen, X., J. Zhao, Y. Li, W. Yan, and X. Zhang. 2019. “Numerical simulation of simultaneous hydraulic fracture growth within a rock layer: Implications for stimulation of low-permeability reservoirs.” J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth 124 (12): 13227–13249. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JB017942.
Cholet, H. 2008. Well production practical handbook. Paris: Editions Technip.
Cipolla, C. L., and C. A. Wright. 2000. “Diagnostic techniques to understand hydraulic fracturing: What? why? and how?” In Proc., SPE/CERI Gas Technology Symp. Richardson, TX: OnePetro.
Cui, G., W. Wang, B. Dou, Y. Liu, H. Tian, J. Zheng, and Y. Liu. 2022. “Geothermal energy exploitation and power generation via a single vertical well combined with hydraulic fracturing.” J. Energy Eng. 148 (1): 04021058. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EY.1943-7897.0000809.
Da, Q.-A., C.-J. Yao, X. Zhang, X.-P. Wang, X.-H. Qu, and G.-L. Lei. 2022. “Investigation on microscopic invasion characteristics and retention mechanism of fracturing fluid in fractured porous media.” Pet. Sci. 19 (4): 1745–1756. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petsci.2022.03.009.
Dai, J., Y. Ni, D. Gong, Z. Feng, D. Liu, W. Peng, and W. Han. 2017. “Geochemical characteristics of gases from the largest tight sand gas field (Sulige) and shale gas field (Fuling) in China.” Mar. Pet. Geol. 79 (Jan): 426–438. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2016.10.021.
Dong, D., Y. Wang, X. Li, C. Zou, Q. Guan, C. Zhang, and H. Liu. 2016. “Breakthrough and prospect of shale gas exploration and development in China.” Nat. Gas Ind. B 3 (1): 12–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ngib.2016.02.002.
Duan, H., H. Li, J. Dai, and Y. Wang. 2019. “Horizontal well fracturing mode of ‘increasing net pressure, promoting network fracture and keeping conductivity’ for the stimulation of deep shale gas reservoirs: A case study of the Dingshan area in SE Sichuan Basin.” Nat. Gas Ind. B 6 (5): 497–501. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ngib.2019.02.005.
Economides, M. J., and K. G. Nolte. 1989. Reservoir stimulation. New York: Prentice Hall Englewood Cliffs.
Esfandiari, M., and A. Pak. 2022. “XFEM modeling of the effect of in-situ stresses on hydraulic fracture characteristics and comparison with KGD and PKN models.” J. Pet. Explor. Prod. Technol. 2022 (Jul): 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13202-022-01545-7.
Geertsma, J., and R. Haafkens. 1979. “A comparison of the theories for predicting width and extent of vertical hydraulically induced fractures.” J. Energy Resour. Technol. 101 (1): 8–19. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.3446866.
Ghahremani, N., and L. Clapp. 2014. “Feasibility of using brackish groundwater desalination concentrate as hydraulic fracturing fluid in the Eagle Ford Shale.” In Shale energy engineering 2014: Technical challenges, environmental issues, and public policy, 23–32. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Gidley, J. L. 1989. Recent advances in hydraulic, monograph. Richardson, TX: Society of Petroleum Engineers.
Guo, B., W. C. Lyons, and A. Ghalambor. 2007. “Petroleum production engineering.” In Hydraulic fracturing. Burlington, NJ: Gulf Professional Publishing.
Guo, C., J. Sun, and H. Liu. 2021. “Transport model for gas and water in nanopores of shale gas reservoirs.” J. Energy Eng. 147 (4): 04021022. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EY.1943-7897.0000771.
Guo, T.-K., Z.-L. Luo, J. Zhou, Y.-Z. Gong, C.-L. Dai, J. Tang, and J.-J. Ge. 2022. “Numerical simulation on proppant migration and placement within the rough and complex fractures.” Pet. Sci. 19 (5): 2268–2283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petsci.2022.04.010.
Haddad, M., A. Sanaei, and K. Sepehrnoori. 2017. “Hydraulic fracturing fluid effect on clay swelling in stimulated naturally fractured reservoirs.” In Proc., SPE/AAPG/SEG Unconventional Resources Technology Conf. Houston: Society of Exploration Geophysicists.
Huang, H., T. Babadagli, H. A. Li, K. Develi, and G. Wei. 2019. “Effect of injection parameters on proppant transport in rough vertical fractures: An experimental analysis on visual models.” J. Pet. Sci. Eng. 180 (1): 380–395. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2019.05.009.
Huo, Z., J. Gao, J. Zhang, D. Zhang, and Y. Liang. 2021. “Role of overlying and underlying limestones in the natural hydraulic fracturing of shale sections: The case of marine–continental transitional facies in the Southern North China Basin.” Energy Rep. 7 (65): 8711–8729. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2021.11.025.
Jiang, S., Y. Peng, B. Gao, J. Zhang, D. Cai, G. Xue, and N. Dahdah. 2016a. “Geology and shale gas resource potentials in the Sichuan Basin, China.” Energy Explor. Exploit. 34 (5): 689–710. https://doi.org/10.1177/0144598716657442.
Jiang, S., Z. Xu, Y. Feng, J. Zhang, D. Cai, L. Chen, and S. Long. 2016b. “Geologic characteristics of hydrocarbon-bearing marine, transitional and lacustrine shales in China.” J. Asian Earth Sci. 115 (Jan): 404–418. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2015.10.016.
Korsch, R., M. Huazhao, S. Zhaocai, and J. Gorter. 1991. “The Sichuan basin, southwest China: A late proterozoic (Sinian) petroleum province.” Precambrian Res. 54 (1): 45–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/0301-9268(91)90068-L.
Li, S., J. Yang, B. Jiang, Q. Jiang, X. Wei, and L. Yang. 2022. “Analysis of physical properties and influencing factors of Longmaxi Shale in Sichuan Basin.” J. Energy Eng. 148 (6): 04022034. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EY.1943-7897.0000856.
Liang, F., M. Sayed, G. A. Al-Muntasheri, F. F. Chang, and L. Li. 2016. “A comprehensive review on proppant technologies.” Petroleum 2 (1): 26–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petlm.2015.11.001.
Liu, R., D. Jiang, J. Zheng, F. Hao, C. Jing, H. Liu, and G. Wei. 2021. “Stress heterogeneity in the Changning shale-gas field, southern Sichuan Basin: Implications for a hydraulic fracturing strategy.” Mar. Pet. Geol. 132 (6): 105218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2021.105218.
Liu, S., L. Zhang, Z. Wang, and Z. Dong. 2022. “Analysis of the influence of dual spark plugs on the combustion stability of a shale-gas engine.” J. Energy Eng. 148 (1): 04021064. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EY.1943-7897.0000817.
Liu, Y., N. Qiu, Q. Yao, and C. Zhu. 2017. “The impact of temperature on overpressure unloading in the central Sichuan Basin, southwest China.” J. Pet. Sci. Eng. 156 (Jul): 142–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2017.05.010.
Long, G., and G. Xu. 2017. “The effects of perforation erosion on practical hydraulic-fracturing applications.” SPE J. 22 (2): 645–659. https://doi.org/10.2118/185173-PA.
Luo, Z. L. 1998. “New recognition of basement in Sichuan Basin.” J. Chengdu Univ. Tech. 25 (2): 191–200.
Lutynski, M. A. 2015. “A method of proppant pack permeability assessment.” Phys. Probl. Mineral Process. 2015 (1): 51. https://doi.org/10.5277/ppmp150129.
Mader, D. 1989. Hydraulic proppant fracturing and gravel packing. New York: Elsevier.
Mgimba, M. M., S. Jiang, and G. C. Mwakipunda. 2022. “The identification of normal to underpressured formations in the Southeastern Sichuan basin.” J. Pet. Sci. Eng. 219 (Dec): 111085. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2022.111085.
Montgomery, C. 2013. “Fracturing fluids.” In Proc., ISRM Int. Conf. for Effective and Sustainable Hydraulic Fracturing. Brisbane, Australia: Society of Petroleum Engineers.
Morgan, S. P., B. Q. Li, and H. H. Einstein. 2017. “Effect of injection rate on hydraulic fracturing of Opalinus clay shale.” In Proc., 51st US Rock Mechanics/Geomechanics Symp. San Francisco: Society of Petroleum Engineers.
Muther, T., M. J. Khan, M. H. Chachar, and H. Aziz. 2020. “A Study on designing appropriate hydraulic fracturing treatment with proper material selection and optimized fracture half-length in tight multilayered formation sequence.” SN Appl. Sci. 2 (5): 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-020-2729-9.
Nguyen, H. T., J. H. Lee, and K. A. Elraies. 2020. “A review of PKN-type modeling of hydraulic fractures.” J. Pet. Sci. Eng. 195 (10): 107607. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2020.107607.
Nguyen, H. T., J. H. Lee, and K. A. Elraies. 2022. “Review of pseudo-three-dimensional modeling approaches in hydraulic fracturing.” J. Pet. Explor. Prod. Technol. 12 (4): 1095–1107. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13202-021-01373-1.
Nie, H., Z. Jin, X. Ma, Z. Liu, T. Lin, and Z. Yang. 2017. “Dispositional characteristics of Ordovician Wufeng formation and Silurian Longmaxi formation in Sichuan Basin and its adjacent areas.” Pet. Res. 2 (3): 233–246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ptlrs.2017.01.003.
Nordgren, R. 1972. “Propagation of a vertical hydraulic fracture.” Soc. Pet. Eng. J. 12 (4): 306–314. https://doi.org/10.2118/3009-PA.
Olmen, B. D., D. A. Anschutz, H. D. Brannon, and K. M. Stribling. 2018. “Evolving proppant supply and demand: The implications on the hydraulic fracturing industry.” In Proc., SPE Annual Technical Conf. and Exhibition. Richardson, TX: OnePetro. https://doi.org/10.2118/191591-MS.
Palmer, I. D., and H. R. Craig. 1984. “Modeling of asymmetric vertical growth in elongated hydraulic fractures and application to first MWX stimulation.” In Proc., SPE Unconventional Gas Recovery Symp. Richardson, TX: OnePetro. https://doi.org/10.2118/12879-MS.
Parekh, B., and M. M. Sharma. 2004. “Cleanup of water blocks in depleted low-permeability reservoirs.” In Proc., SPE Annual Technical Conf. and Exhibition. Richardson, TX: OnePetro. https://doi.org/10.2118/89837-MS.
Rahman, M., and M. Rahman. 2010. “A review of hydraulic fracture models and development of an improved pseudo-3D model for stimulating tight oil/gas sand.” Energy Sources Part A 32 (15): 1416–1436. https://doi.org/10.1080/15567030903060523.
Saberhosseini, S. E., R. Keshavarzi, and K. Ahangari. 2017. “A fully coupled three-dimensional hydraulic fracture model to investigate the impact of formation rock mechanical properties and operational parameters on hydraulic fracture opening using cohesive elements method.” Arabian J. Geosci. 10 (7): 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-017-2939-7.
Sadrpanah, H., T. Charles, and J. Fulton. 2006. “Explicit simulation of multiple hydraulic fractures in horizontal wells.” In Proc., SPE Europec/EAGE Annual Conf. and Exhibition. Richardson, TX: OnePetro. https://doi.org/10.2118/99575-MS.
Settari, A., and M. P. Cleary. 1986. “Development and testing of a pseudo-three-dimensional model of hydraulic fracture geometry.” SPE Prod. Eng. 1 (6): 449–466. https://doi.org/10.2118/10505-PA.
Shel, E. V., and G. V. Paderin. 2019. “Analytical solution of the pseudo-3D model for hydraulic fracturing in a storage-dominated regime.” Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. 114 (5): 92–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2018.12.020.
Shen, X., and P. Zhang. 2019. “A calculation method for the allowable fracturing injection pressure of preventing casing deformation.” Nat. Gas Ind. B 6 (4): 384–393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ngib.2019.01.014.
Siddhamshetty, P., S. Mao, K. Wu, and J. S.-I. Kwon. 2020. “Multi-size proppant pumping schedule of hydraulic fracturing: Application to a MP-PIC model of unconventional reservoir for enhanced gas production.” Processes 8 (5): 570. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8050570.
Society of Petroleum Engineers. 2012. “Acid fracturing.” Accessed October 10, 2012. http://petrowiki.org/Acid_fracturing.
Solberg, P., D. Lockner, and J. D. Byerlee. 1980. “Hydraulic fracturing in granite under geothermal conditions.” Proc., Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. Geomech. Abstr. 17 (1): 25–33. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8050570.
Soliman, M., J. L. Hunt, and A. El Rabaa. 1990. “Fracturing aspects of horizontal wells.” J. Pet. Technol. 42 (8): 966–973. https://doi.org/10.2118/18542-PA.
Wang, J., X. Tan, J. Wang, H. Zhang, Y. Zhang, D. Guo, X. Wang, Z. Lei, C. Zeng, and G. Yao. 2021a. “Characteristics and genetic mechanisms of normal-pressure fractured shale reservoirs: A case study from the Wufeng–Longmaxi formation in southeastern Chongqing, China.” Front. Earth Sci. 9 (2): 258. https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2021.661706.
Wang, P., C. Zhang, A. Liu, P. Zhang, Y. Qiu, X. Li, S. Yu, S. Yao, S. Liu, and Z. Jiang. 2021b. “Slope belts of paleouplifts control the pore structure of organic matter of marine shale: A comparative study of lower Cambrian rocks in the Sichuan basin.” Geofluids 2021 (Jun): 5517655. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5517655.
Wang, W., C. Lin, X. Zhang, C. Dong, L. Ren, and J. Lin. 2020. “Effect of burial history on diagenetic and reservoir-forming process of the Oligocene sandstone in Xihu sag, East China Sea Basin.” Mar. Pet. Geol. 112 (Feb): 104034. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2019.104034.
Wangen, M. 2011. “Finite element modeling of hydraulic fracturing on a reservoir scale in 2D.” J. Pet. Sci. Eng. 77 (3–4): 274–285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2011.04.001.
Wangen, M. 2013. “Finite element modeling of hydraulic fracturing in 3D.” Comput. Geosci. 17 (4): 647–659. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10596-013-9346-2.
Wong, J. K.-W. 2018. Three-dimensional multi-scale hydraulic fracturing simulation in heterogeneous material using Dual Lattice model. Cambridge, UK: Univ. of Cambridge.
Wrobel, M., G. Mishuris, and P. Papanastasiou. 2021. “On the influence of fluid rheology on hydraulic fracture.” Int. J. Eng. Sci. 158 (5): 103426. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijengsci.2020.103426.
Xie, Y., Y. He, Y. Xiao, and T. Jiang. 2022. “Productivity prediction of multistage fractured horizontal wells in tight oil reservoirs with fully coupled flow and geomechanics.” J. Energy Eng. 148 (5): 05022002. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EY.1943-7897.0000849.
Yang, Y., H. Jiang, M. Li, S. Yang, and G. Chen. 2016. “A mathematical model of fracturing fluid leak-off based on dynamic discrete grid system.” J. Pet. Explor. Prod. Technol. 6 (3): 343–349. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13202-015-0188-4.
Zhang, K., et al. 2018. “Lateral percolation and its effect on shale gas accumulation on the basis of complex tectonic background.” Geofluids 2018 (Jan): 5195469. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/5195469.
Zhou, Y., Y. Jiang, J. Liang, Y. Gu, Y. Fu, and Y. Xiao. 2021. “Reservoir characteristics and major controlling factors of the Cambrian Xixiangchi formation, Central Sichuan Basin, Southwest China.” J. Energy Eng. 147 (6): 04021051. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EY.1943-7897.0000803.
Zielonka, M. G., K. H. Searles, J. Ning, and S. R. Buechler. 2014. “Development and validation of fully-coupled hydraulic fracturing simulation capabilities.” In Proc., SIMULIA Community Conf. Providence, RI: ExxonMobil Upstream Research Company.
Zolfaghari, N., C. R. Meyer, and A. P. Bunger. 2017. “Blade-shaped hydraulic fracture driven by a turbulent fluid in an impermeable rock.” J. Eng. Mech. 143 (11): 04017130. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EM.1943-7889.0001350.
Zuppann, C., and J. Steinmetz. 2014. Hydraulic fracturing: An Indiana assessment. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana Geological Survey.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Energy Engineering
Volume 149 • Issue 2 • April 2023
Copyright
© 2023 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Mar 3, 2022
Accepted: Nov 29, 2022
Published online: Jan 30, 2023
Published in print: Apr 1, 2023
Discussion open until: Jun 30, 2023
ASCE Technical Topics:
- Continuum mechanics
- Cracking
- Engineering fundamentals
- Engineering mechanics
- Finite element method
- Fracture mechanics
- Geology
- Geotechnical engineering
- Hydraulic fracturing
- Hydraulic models
- Infrastructure
- Light rail transit
- Mathematics
- Methodology (by type)
- Models (by type)
- Numerical methods
- Parameters (statistics)
- Rail transportation
- Rocks
- Shale
- Solid mechanics
- Statistics
- Three-dimensional models
- Transportation engineering
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.
Cited by
- Rui Sun, Jianguo Wang, Effects of In Situ Stress and Multiborehole Cluster on Hydraulic Fracturing of Shale Gas Reservoir from Multiscale Perspective, Journal of Energy Engineering, 10.1061/JLEED9.EYENG-5226, 150, 2, (2024).
- Gang Liu, Jianzhong Li, Xuefeng Qi, Ming Zhu, Geochemistry of High-Maturity Crude Oil and Gas from Deep–Ultradeep Reservoirs and Their Geological Importance in a Foreland Basin: A Case Study of the Southern Thrust Belt, Junggar Basin, Northwest China, Journal of Energy Engineering, 10.1061/JLEED9.EYENG-4766, 150, 1, (2024).