Quantification of the Seismic Resilience of Bridge Classes
Publication: Journal of Infrastructure Systems
Volume 30, Issue 3
Abstract
This paper quantified the seismic resilience (SR) of different bridge classes by performing three-dimensional advanced numerical simulations in Opensees. SR was calculated by performing the seismic resilience for recovery investments of bridge (SRRIB) methodology that is based on the quantification of the losses and the repair time. In particular, the probabilistic-based methodology developed by the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER) was implemented to produce fragility curves by considering the longitudinal displacement of the deck as the reference parameter. The recovery process was modeled using a linear formulation due to the unavailability of information from past earthquakes. SR for the selected bridge classes was calculated in terms of the seismic intensities to be applied for decision-making procedures during pre- and postearthquake assessments.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
Some or all data, models, or code that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
References
AASHTO. n.d. LRFD bridge design specifications. Washington, DC: AASHTO.
Ali, H.-E. M., and A. M. Abdel-Ghaffar. 1994. “Seismic energy dissipation for cable-stayed bridges using passive devices.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 23 (8): 877–893. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.4290230805.
Argyroudis, S. A., G. Nasiopoulos, N. Mantadakis, and S. A. Mitoulis. 2021. “Cost-based resilience assessment of bridges subjected to earthquakes.” Int. J. Disaster Resilience Built Environ. 12 (2): 209–222. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJDRBE-02-2020-0014.
Aviram, A., K. R. Mackie, and B. Stojadinovic. 2008. “Effect of abutment modeling on the seismic response of bridge design and cost estimation of repairs.” Earthquake Spectra 27 (4):1127–1145. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11803-008-1008-3.
Avşar, Ö., A. Yakut, and A. Caner. 2011. “Analytical fragility curves for ordinary highway bridges in Turkey.” Earthquake Spectra 27 (4): 971–996. https://doi.org/10.1193/1.3651349.
Bocchini, P., and D. M. Frangopol. 2012. “Restoration of bridge networks after an earthquake: Multicriteria intervention optimization.” Earthquake Spectra 28 (2): 427–455. https://doi.org/10.1193/1.4000019.
Bruneau, M., S. E. Chang, R. T. Eguchi, G. C. Lee, T. D. O’Rourke, A. M. Reinhorn., M. Shinozuka, K. Tierney, W. A. Wallace, and D. von Winterfeldt. 2003. “A framework to quantitatively assess and enhance the seismic resilience of communities.” Earthquake Spectra 19 (4): 733–752. https://doi.org/10.1193/1.1623497.
Caltrans. 2019. Seismic design criteria version 2.0. Berkeley, CA: Univ. of California.
Chandrasekaran, S., and S. Banerjee. 2016. “Retrofit optimization for resilience enhancement of bridges under multihazard scenario.” J. Struct. Eng. 142 (8): C4015012. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001396.
Chavel, B. W., and J. M. Yadlosky. 2011. Framework for improving resilience of bridge design. Washington, DC: Federal Highway Administration.
Cimellaro, G. P. 2016. “Urban resilience for emergency response and recovery.” In Fundamental concepts and applications, geotechnical, geological and earthquake engineering. Berlin: Springer.
Cimellaro, G. P., A. M. Reinhorn, and M. Bruneau. 2010a. “Framework for analytical quantification of disaster resilience.” Eng. Struct. 32 (11): 3639–3649. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2010.08.008.
Cimellaro, G. P., A. M. Reinhorn, and M. Bruneau. 2010b. “Seismic resilience of a hospital system.” Struct. Infrastruct. Eng. 6 (1–2): 127–144. https://doi.org/10.1080/15732470802663847.
Dong, Y., and D. M. Frangopol. 2016. “Probabilistic time-dependent multihazard life-cycle assessment and resilience of bridges considering climate change.” J. Perform. Constr. Facil. 30 (5): 04016034. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0000883.
FEMA. 1997. NEHRP recommended provisions for seismic regulations for new building and other structures. Washington, DC: FEMA.
Filippou, F. C., E. P. Popov, and V. V. Bertero. 1983. Effects of bond deterioration on hysteretic behavior of reinforced concrete joints. Rep. No. EERC 83-19. Berkeley, CA: Univ. of California.
Forcellini, D. 2016. “3D Numerical simulations of elastomeric bearings for bridges.” Innov. Infrastruct. Solut. 1 (Dec): 45. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41062-016-0045-4.
Forcellini, D. 2017. “Cost assessment of isolation technique applied to a benchmark bridge with soil structure interaction.” Bull. Earthquake Eng. 15 (Jan): 51–69. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-016-9953-0.
Forcellini, D. 2019. “A new methodology to assess indirect losses in bridges subjected to multiple hazards.” Innov. Infrastruct. Solutions 4 (1): 10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41062-018-0195-7.
Forcellini, D. 2020. “A resilience-based (RB) methodology to assess resilience soil structure interaction on a benchmark bridge.” Infrastructures 5 (6): 90. https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures5110090.
Forcellini, D. 2022. “Seismic fragility of tall buildings considering soil structure interaction (SSI) effects.” Structures 45 (Nov): 999–1011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2022.09.070.
Forcellini, D. 2023a. “An expeditious framework for assessing the seismic resilience (SR) of structural configurations.” Structures 56 (Oct): 105015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2023.105015.
Forcellini, D. 2023b. “Seismic resilience of bridges isolated with traditional and geotechnical seismic isolation (GSI).” Bull. Earthquake Eng. 21 (7): 3521–3535. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-023-01662-6.
Forcellini, D., and J. M. Kelly. 2014. “The analysis of the large deformation stability of elastomeric bearings.” J. Eng. Mech. 140 (6): 04014036. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EM.1943-7889.0000729.
Forcellini, D., and K. Q. Walsh. 2022. “Seismic resilience for recovery investments of bridges methodology.” In Proc., Institution of Civil Engineers–Bridge Engineering. London: Institution of Civil Engineers. https://doi.org/10.1680/jbren.21.00023.
Gelh, P., and D. D’Ayala. 2016. “Development of a Bayesian networks for the multi-hazard fragility assessment of bridge systems.” Struct. Saf. 60 (May): 37–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strusafe.2016.01.006.
Gidaris, I., J. E. Padgett, A. R. Barbosa, S. Chen, D. Cox, B. Webb, and A. Cerato. 2017. “Multiple-hazard fragility and restoration models of highway bridges for regional risk and resilience assessment in the United States: State-of-the-art review.” J. Struct. Eng. 143 (3): 04016188. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001672.
Holmes, W. 2003. Multi-hazard loss estimation methodology. Washington, DC: FEMA.
Kalfas, K. N., N. Ghorbani Amirabad, and D. Forcellini. 2021 “The role of shear modulus on the mechanical behavior of elastomeric bearings when subjected to combined axial and shear loads.” Eng. Struct. 10 (3): 113248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2021.113248.
Karamlou, A., and P. Bocchini. 2015. “Computation of bridge seismic fragility by large-scale simulation for probabilistic resilience analysis.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 44 (12): 1959–1978. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.2567.
Li, J., M. Su, and L. Fan. 2005. “Vibration control of railway bridges under high-speed trains using multiple tuned mass dampers.” J. Bridge Eng. 10 (3): 312–320. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0702(2005)10:3(312).
Mackie, K. R., and B. Stojadinovic. 2006. “Fourway: Graphical tool for performance-based earthquake engineering.” J. Struct. Eng. 132 (8): 1274–1283. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2006)132:8(1274).
Mackie, K. R., J. Wong, and B. Stojadinovic. 2008. Integrated probabilistic performance-based evaluation of benchmark reinforced concrete bridges. Berkeley, CA: Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center.
Mackie, K. R., J.-M. Wong, and B. Stojadinovic. 2011. “Bridge damage and loss scenarios calibrated by schematic design and cost estimation of repairs.” Earthquake Spectra 27 (4): 1127–1145. https://doi.org/10.1193/1.3651362.
Mangalathu, S., F. Soleimani, and J-S Jeon. 2017. “Bridge classes for regional seismic risk assessment: Improving HAZUS models.” Eng. Struct. 148 (Oct): 755–766. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.07.019.
Mazzoni, S., F. McKenna, M. H. Scott, and G. L. Fenves. 2009. Open system for earthquake engineering simulation, user command-language manual. Berkeley, CA: Univ. of California.
Mina, D., H. Karampour, and D. Forcellini. 2023. “Resilience of HP/HT pipelines to combined seismic and thermal loadings.” Ocean Eng. 275 (May): 114098. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2023.114098.
Minaie, E., and F. Moon. 2017. “Practical and simplified approach for quantifying bridge resilience.” J. Infrastruct. Syst. 23 (4): 04017016. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)IS.1943-555X.0000374.
Moschonas, I. F., AJ Kappos, P. Panetsos, V. Papadopoulos, T. Makarios, and P. Thanopoulos. 2009. “Seismic fragility curves for Greek bridges: Methodology and case studies” Bull. Earthquake Eng. 7 (2): 439–444. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-008-9077-2.
Muntasir Billah, A. H. M., and M. S. Shahria Alam. 2015. “Seismic fragility assessment of highway bridges: A state-of-the-art review.” Struct. Infrastruct. Eng. 11 (6): 804–832. https://doi.org/10.1080/15732479.2014.912243.
Padgett, J. E., and R. DesRoches. 2008. “Methodology for the development of analytical fragility curves for retrofitted bridges.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 37 (8): 1157–1174. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.801.
Pisal, A. Y., and R. S. Jangid. 2016. “Vibration control of bridge subjected to multi-axle vehicle using multiple tuned mass friction dampers.” Adv. Struct. Eng. 8 (Jun): 213–227. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40091-016-0124-y.
Pregnolato, M., A. O. Winter, D. Mascarenas, A. D. Sen, P. Bates, and M. R. Motley. 2022. “Assessing flooding impact to riverine bridges: An integrated analysis.” Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. 22 (Jun): 1559–1576. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-1559-2022.
Ramanathan, K., R. DesRoches, and J. E. Padgett. 2012. “A comparison of pre- and post-seismic design considerations in moderate seismic zones through the fragility assessment of multispan bridge classes.” Eng. Struct. 45 (Dec): 529–573. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2012.07.004.
Ryan, K. L., J. M. Kelly, and A. K. Chopra. 2005. “Nonlinear model for lead-rubber bearings including axial-load effects.” J. Eng. Mech. 131 (12): 1270–1278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apm.2019.05.045.
Safi, M., H. Sundquist, R. Karoumi, and G. Racutanu. 2013. “Development of the Swedish bridge management system by upgrading and expanding the use of LCC.” Struct. Infrastruct. Eng. 9 (12): 1240–1250. https://doi.org/10.1080/15732479.2012.682588.
Stefanidou, S. P., and A. J. Kappos. 2019. “Bridge specific fragility analysis: When is it really necessary?” Bull. Earthquake Eng. 17 (4): 2245–2280. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-018-00525-9.
Stefanidou, S. P., and A. J. Kappos. 2021. “Fragility-informed selection of bridge retrofit scheme based on performance criteria.” Eng. Struct. 234 (May): 111976. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2021.111976.
Stefanidou, S. P., E. A. Paraskevopoulos, V. K. Papanikolaou, and A. J. Kappos. 2022. “An online platform for bridge-specific fragility analysis of as-built and retrofitted bridges.” Bull. Earthquake Eng. 20 (3): 171. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-021-01299-3.
Venkittaraman, A., and S. Banerjee. 2014. “Enhancing resilience of highway bridges through seismic retrofit.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 43 (8): 1173–1191. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.2392.
Wachter, R. F., III, D. Forcellini, J. M. Warnell, and K. Q. Walsh. 2023 “Relationship between coastal hazard countermeasures and community resilience in the Tōhoku region of Japan following the 2011 tsunami.” Nat. Hazards Rev. 24 (2): 04023017. https://doi.org/10.1061/NHREFO.NHENG-1401.
Wang, Y. J., J. D. Yau, and Q. C. Wei. 2013. “Vibration suppression of train induced multiple resonant responses of two-span continuous bridges using VE dampers.” J. Mar. Sci. Technol. 21 (2): 149–158. https://doi.org/10.6119/JMST-012-0206-4.
Wesolowsky, M. J., and J. C. Wilson. 2003. “Seismic isolation of cable-stayed bridges for near-field ground motions.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 32 (13): 2107–2126. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.318.
Zelaschi, C., G. DeAngelis, F. Giardi, D. Forcellini, and R. G. Monteiro. 2015. “Performance based earthquake engineering approach applied to bridges in a road network.” In Proc., 5th Int. Conf. on Computational Methods in Structural Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering. Crete, Greece: National Technical University of Athens.
Zhang, J., and N. Makris. 2002. “Kinematic response functions and dynamic stiffnesses of bridge embankments.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 31 (11): 1933–1966. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.196.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Infrastructure Systems
Volume 30 • Issue 3 • September 2024
Copyright
© 2024 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jun 26, 2023
Accepted: Apr 24, 2024
Published online: Jun 26, 2024
Published in print: Sep 1, 2024
Discussion open until: Nov 26, 2024
ASCE Technical Topics:
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.