Numerical Modeling of Downstream Morphological Evolution during Mount Polley Tailings Dam Failure
Publication: Journal of Hydraulic Engineering
Volume 150, Issue 1
Abstract
In this study, a robust non-Newtonian numerical model that can simulate coupled mudflow and sediment transport processes is used to model downstream geomorphic changes during a tailings dam failure. The catastrophic breach of the Mount Polley tailings dam is studied to assess the model performance. Spatial and temporal variation of flow properties like density, viscosity, yield stress, sediment size fractions, and friction are considered in the model. A flexible triangular mesh is adopted, and this helps reduce the computational time significantly compared with structured grid with the same average resolution. High resolution multitemporal digital elevation models (DEMs) are used for the detection of geomorphic changes and estimation of erosion and deposition volumes. The results indicate that the final distribution of tailings deposits obtained from the model results is in good agreement with that obtained from topographic analysis. The model predicted the total volume of erosion and deposition with almost 93% accuracy. The tailings characteristics followed the full Bingham model during the propagation. Different runout scenarios obtained from the mudflow-morphodynamic model and a mudflow fixed-bed model are analyzed, and it was concluded that maximum mudflow depth of the flood wave is higher when bed entrainment is considered. Sediment concentration is higher in the wavefront and middle regions and lower in the tail zone. The mudflow fixed-bed model could underestimate the downstream flood arrival time. The results also confirm that the adopted approach can efficiently model the sediment budget in the study site and the volume of tailings and bed materials released to the downstream lake.
Practical Applications
Tailings dams are used to store waste solids and water generated during mining operations. Failure of such dams can cause serious damage to human settlements and the downstream environment. For public safety, it is necessary to conduct proper risk assessment, and numerical modeling is crucial for estimating flood magnitude, flood path, and flood arrival time. Tailings water is high in sediment concentration and is viscous; thus, its flow characteristics are different from that of pure water. During the collapse of tailings dam, erosion of the downstream terrain occurs, and changes in the downstream channel morphology can be potentially significant. There can also be a change in the total sediment load when additional solids get eroded from the bed layer. The modeling approach used in this study helps to model erosion and deposition patterns and estimate the downstream flood arrival time when transport of sediment in the downstream channel is considered along with the viscous nature of tailings. When conducting risk assessment of tailings dam failures and when planning for evacuation, this mobile-bed modeling approach can be implemented by design engineers and emergency planners.
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Data Availability Statement
The data from numerical modeling results are available from the corresponding author upon request.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the NSERC Discovery Grants of Colin Rennie, Ioan Nistor, and Abdolmajid Mohammadian.
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Published In
Journal of Hydraulic Engineering
Volume 150 • Issue 1 • January 2024
Copyright
© 2023 American Society of Civil Engineers.
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Received: Sep 8, 2022
Accepted: Jul 24, 2023
Published online: Oct 18, 2023
Published in print: Jan 1, 2024
Discussion open until: Mar 18, 2024
ASCE Technical Topics:
- Analysis (by type)
- Dam failures
- Disaster risk management
- Disasters and hazards
- Engineering fundamentals
- Environmental engineering
- Failure analysis
- Failures (by type)
- Geohazards
- Geotechnical engineering
- Landslides
- Man-made disasters
- Mine wastes
- Models (by type)
- Numerical analysis
- Numerical models
- Pollutants
- River engineering
- Sediment
- Simulation models
- Wastes
- Water and water resources
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