Price Escalation in Construction Projects: Examining National and International Contracts
Publication: Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
Volume 150, Issue 9
Abstract
The construction industry has witnessed unprecedented disruptions in the supply chain (SC) over the past four years due to the consecutive impacts of the 2018 steel and aluminum tariffs, the COVID-19 pandemic, and the Russian–Ukrainian war. SC disruptions have been linked to price escalations, the management of which varies across different construction contracts. Thus, there is a timely need to understand the contractual implications of price escalation clauses. This article fulfills this research requirement by following an interdependent research methodology. First, the authors analyzed and compared price escalation provisions under various US-based, international, and UK-based standard design–bid–build contracts. Second, the authors examined legal cases that have arisen due to disputes over price escalation-related matters. Third, based on the contractual and legal analysis, the authors formulated and proposed a set of contractual considerations that can be used to plan and manage the contractual implications arising from triggering price escalation clauses. The findings indicate substantial variability in contractual provisions addressing price escalation. A predominant approach entails specifying a fixed contract price, often with a general exception permitting adjustments related to legislative changes. Certain standard contracts afford flexibility through the incorporation of supplementary clauses or amendments during the contract formation stage to counteract escalation risks. Further, insights from the legal review show that judicial relief from contractual obligations is typically granted solely in instances of unforeseen and severe economic conditions. This research makes a significant academic contribution by advancing the understanding of contractual obligations concerning price escalation, especially in the context of ongoing market disruptions. Ultimately, the findings of this study will impact the construction industry by promoting more balanced contractual practices regarding price escalations in construction projects.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
All data, models, and code generated or used during the study appear in the published article.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank the construction group at Greensfelder Law Firm as represented by Chantal Mehill for providing constructive insights and suggestions that positively contributed to this manuscript. It is worth noting that any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of Greensfelder.
References
Abdul-Malak, M. A. U., and J. M. Hamie. 2019. “Proposed framework for the rendering of construction contract document interpretations by engineering professionals.” J. Leg. Aff. Dispute Resolut. Eng. Constr. 11 (3): 04519016. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)LA.1943-4170.0000305.
Abdul-Malak, M. A. U., and F. G. Khalife. 2020. “Managing the risks of third-party sustainability certification failures.” J. Leg. Aff. Dispute Resolut. Eng. Constr. 12 (3): 04520027. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)LA.1943-4170.000040.
Abdul Nabi, M., I. H. El-adaway, R. Assaad, and M. O. Ahmed. 2021. “Prioritization of project factors affecting the use of modular construction: Comparison between the perspectives of industry and literature.” In Proc., Canadian Society of Civil Engineering Annual Conf., 569–582. Singapore: Springer.
Abu Helw, A., and A. S. Ezeldin. 2022. “Framework for enhanced applicability of the public procurement law to international administrative construction contracts.” J. Leg. Aff. Dispute Resolut. Eng. Constr. 14 (2): 04522004. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)LA.1943-4170.0000537.
AGC (Associated General Contractors). 2019. “2018-2019 trade action affecting the construction industry.” Accessed October 19, 2022. https://www.agc.org/sites/default/files/Primer-%202018-19%20Trade%20Action%20Affecting%20Const.%20Industry_Draft_May2019.pdf.
AGC (Associated General Contractors). 2022a. “AGC construction inflation alert.” Accessed July 25, 2023. https://www.agc.org/learn/construction-data/agc-construction-inflation-alert.
AGC (Associated General Contractors). 2022b. “Price escalation continues to be the top issue in construction contracts but some success stories can now be shared.” Accessed July 25, 2023. https://www.agc.org/news/2022/10/10/price-escalation-continues-be-top-issue-construction-contracts-some-success-stories-can-now-behttps://www.agc.org/news/2022/10/10/price-escalation-continues-be-top-issue-construction-contracts-some-success-stories-can-now-be.
Ahmed, M. O., M. Abdul Nabi, I. H. El-adaway, D. Caranci, J. Eberle, Z. Hawkins, and R. Sparrow. 2021. “Contractual guidelines for promoting integrated project delivery.” J. Constr. Eng. Manage. 147 (11): 05021008. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0002173.
AIA (American Institute of Architects). 2017. American institute of architects document A201: General conditions of the contract for construction. Washington, DC: AIA.
AIA (American Institute of Architects). 2019. American Institute of Architects document A503: Guide for supplementary conditions, including amendments to AIA documents A201, the 2017 owner-contractor agreements, and the 2019 owner-construction manager as constructor agreements. Washington, DC: AIA.
ALCOA and Essex. 1980. “Aluminum Co. of America v. Essex Group, Inc. 499 F. Supp. 53 (W.D. Pa. 1980).”Accessed April 7, 1980. https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/FSupp/499/53/1871367/.
Al-Humaidi, H. M. 2014. “Arbitration in Kuwait: Study of current practices and suggestions for improvements.” J. Leg. Aff. Dispute Resolut. Eng. Constr. 6 (1): 03013001. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)LA.1943-4170.0000128.
Aljohani, A., D. Ahiaga-Dagbui, and D. Moore. 2017. “Construction projects cost overrun: What does the literature tell us?” Int. J. Innovation Manage. Technol. 8 (2): 137. https://doi.org/10.18178/ijimt.2017.8.2.717.
Allen, N. E., A. L. Walden, E. R. Dworkin, and S. H. A. B. N. A. M. Javdani. 2016. “Mixed methodology in multilevel, multisetting inquiry.” In Handbook of methodological approaches to community based research: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods, 335–343. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Al-Zarrad, M. A., G. P. Moynihan, and S. C. Vereen. 2015. Guideline to apply hedging to mitigate the risk of construction materials price escalation. Surrey, BC, Canada: Canadian Society of Civil Engineering.
Arcadis. 2019. “Global construction disputes report, laying the foundation for success.” Accessed April 10, 2023. https://images.arcadis.com/media/5/D/1/%7B5D16141D-B883-4398-BB35-218023E1F4F6%7DRP_GCDR_AL20190620_Final.pdf?_ga=2.259975178.1280885210.1580924143-615783635.1580924143.
Assaad, R., and M. A. Abdul-Malak. 2020a. “Legal perspective on treatment of delay liquidated damages and penalty clauses by different jurisdictions: Comparative analysis.” J. Leg. Aff. Dispute Resolut. Eng. Constr. 12 (2): 04520013. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)LA.1943-4170.0000387.
Assaad, R., and M. A. Abdul-Malak. 2020b. “Timing of liquidated damages recovery and related liability issues.” J. Leg. Aff. Dispute Resolut. Eng. Constr. 12 (2): 04520015. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)LA.1943-4170.0000390.
Assaad, R., and I. H. El-adaway. 2021. “Guidelines for responding to COVID-19 pandemic: Best practices, impacts, and future research directions.” J. Manage. Eng. 37 (3): 06021001. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ME.1943-5479.0000906.
Assaad, R., I. H. El-adaway, and I. S. Abotaleb. 2020a. “Predicting project performance in the construction industry.” J. Constr. Eng. Manage. 146 (5): 04020030. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0001797.
Assaad, R., I. H. El-adaway, K. Baxmeyer, M. Harman, L. Job, and H. Lashley. 2021. “Allocation of risks and responsibilities in green and sustainable buildings.” J. Archit. Eng. 27 (2): 04021002. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)AE.1943-5568.0000458.
Assaad, R., I. H. El-adaway, A. H. El Hakea, M. J. Parker, T. I. Henderson, C. R. Salvo, and M. O. Ahmed. 2020b. “Contractual perspective for BIM utilization in US construction projects.” J. Constr. Eng. Manage. 146 (12): 04020128. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0001927.
Assaad, R., A. Elsayegh, G. Ali, M. Abdul Nabi, and I. H. El-adaway. 2020c. “Back-to-back relationship under standard subcontract agreements: Comparative study.” J. Leg. Aff. Dispute Resolut. Eng. Constr. 12 (3): 04520020. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)LA.1943-4170.0000406.
Athnos, L. 2018. “Risks in construction contracts.” Accessed July 25, 2023. https://scm.ncsu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/Risks-in-Construction-Contracts_Lu-Athnos.pdf.
Baker, E., A. Lavers, and R. Major. 2019. “Introduction to the FIDIC suite of contracts.” In The guide to construction arbitration, edited by S. D. B. Brekoulakis and D. B. Thomas. London: Law Business Research.
BIS (Bureau of Industry and Security). 2018. “Section 232 National Security investigation of steel imports: Information on the exclusion process.” Accessed October 21, 2022. https://www.bis.doc.gov/index.php/232-steel.
Bloom, M. A., A. Ross, and V. F. Wiener. 2021. “Managing risk: Supply chain disruptions and market price volatility in the construction industry.” Accessed October 19, 2022. https://www.afslaw.com/perspectives/alerts/managing-risk-supply-chain-disruptions-and-market-price-volatility-thehttps://www.afslaw.com/perspectives/alerts/managing-risk-supply-chain-disruptions-and-market-price-volatility-the.
BLS (Bureau of Labor Statistics). 2022. “Producer price index–December 2022.” Accessed September 28, 2022. https://www.bls.gov/ppi/.
Bourne, L. S. 1986. “The geography of housing.” Real Estate Econ. 14 (1): 173–174. https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-6229.00380.
Boyette, K. A. 2022. “How the Russia-Ukraine war could impact the construction industry. Roofing.” Accessed October 19, 2022. https://roofingmagazine.com/how-the-russia-ukraine-war-could-impact-the-construction-industry/.
casetext. 1979a. “Iowa Elec. Light & Power Co. v. Atlas Corp., 603 F.2d 1301 (8th Cir. 1979).” Accessed January 1, 2024. https://casetext.com/case/iowa-electric-light-and-power-v-atlas-corp.
casetext. 1979b. “Mo. Public Service Co v. Peabody Coal Co., 583 S.W.2d 721 (Mo. Ct. App. 1979).” Accessed January 1, 2024. https://casetext.com/case/mo-public-service-v-peabody-coal-co.
casetext. 1986. “Moyer v. City of Little Falls. 134 Misc. 2d 299, 510 N.Y.S.2d 813 (NY: Supreme Court, Herkimer 1986).” Accessed January 1, 2024. https://casetext.com/case/moyer-v-city-of-little-falls.
casetext. 2020. “CAI RAIL, Inc. 2020. v. BADGER Mining Corporation, No. 20 Civ. 4644 1361 (LGS) (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 27, 2020).” Accessed February 22, 2021. https://casetext.com/case/cai-rail-inc-v-badger-mining-corp.
Choi, M., J. Kim, and M. Kim. 2006. “A study on the price escalation system in a construction contract.” KSCE J. Civ. Eng. 10 (4): 227–232. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02830776.
Chong, H. Y., S. L. Fan, M. Sutrisna, S. H. Hsieh, and C. M. Tsai. 2017. “Preliminary contractual framework for BIM-enabled projects.” J. Constr. Eng. Manage. 143 (7): 04017025. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0001278.
Conerly, B. 2020. “What is essential business in a COVID-19 shelter-in-place order? Accessed September 28, 2022. https://www.forbes.com/sites/billconerly/2020/03/24/what-is-essential-business-in-a--covid-19-shelter-in-place-order/?sh=73d51faa5467.
ConsensusDocs. 2007a. Amendment No. 1 potentially time and price-impacted materials. Arlington, VA: ConsensusDocs.
ConsensusDocs. 2007b. Standard agreement and general conditions between owner and constructor (lump sum). Arlington, VA: ConsensusDocs.
Cox, M. 2022. “Anticipating material supply chain issues in construction projects.” Accessed October 21, 2022. https://www.smithcurrie.com/publications/common-sense-contract-law/material-cost-escalation/.
Declercq, P. J. 1995. “Modern analysis of the legal effect of force majeure clauses in situations of commercial impracticability.” J. Law Commerce 15: 213.
Demachkieh, F., S. Khalife, M. A. Abdul-Malak, and F. Hamzeh. 2020. “Considerations for filing global construction claims: Legal perspective.” J. Leg. Aff. Dispute Resolut. Eng. Constr. 12 (3): 05020003. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)LA.1943-4170.0000393.
Di Stravolo Elliott, M. 2021. “Can I use a price escalation clause in my construction contract? Barley Snyder.” Accessed September 28, 2022. https://www.barley.com/can-i-use-a-price-escalation-clause-in-my-construction-contract/.
EJCDC (Engineers Joint Contract Documents Committee). 2013. Standard general conditions of the construction contract. EJCDC C-700. Alexandria, VA: EJCDC.
El-adaway, I. H., I. S. Abotaleb, M. S. Eid, S. May, L. Netherton, and J. Vest. 2018. “Contract administration guidelines for public infrastructure projects in the United States and Saudi Arabia: Comparative analysis approach.” J. Constr. Eng. Manage. 144 (6): 04018031. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0001472.
El-adaway, I. H., S. A. Fawzy, K. Cody, S. Fast, G. Spencer, D. Bond, D. Cushman, and T. Stieffel. 2014. “Contract administration guidelines for contractors working under AIA A201-2007 contract for construction.” J. Leg. Aff. Dispute Resolut. Eng. Constr. 6 (1): 03013002. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)LA.1943-4170.0000131.
Elinwa, A. U., and S. A. Buba. 1993. “Construction cost factors in Nigeria.” J. Constr. Eng. Manage. 119 (4): 698–713. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9364(1993)119:4(698).
Ercan, M. 2017. A study on the price escalation system in public construction contracts in Turkey. Ankara, Turkey: Middle East Technical Univ.
Evans, S. C. 2018. “Why Australia needs the NEC—Queensland major contractors association.” Accessed September 18, 2022. https://qmca.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/NEC-Contract.pdf.
Fawzy, S. A., and I. H. El-adaway. 2015. “Global total cost claims within common law legal systems: Application to the World Bank contract.” J. Leg. Aff. Dispute Resolut. Eng. Constr. 7 (2): 04514005. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)LA.1943-4170.0000155.
Fawzy, S. A., I. H. El-Adaway, L. Perreau-Saussine, M. S. Abdel Wahab, and T. H. Hamed. 2018. “Analyzing termination for convenience provisions under common law FIDIC using a civil law perspective.” J. Leg. Aff. Dispute Resolut. Eng. Constr. 10 (4): 06518003. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)LA.1943-4170.0000279.
FIDIC (Fédération Internationale des Ingénieurs-Conseils). 2017. Conditions of Contract for Construction. Geneva: FIDIC.
FIEC (European Construction Industry Federation). 2022. “Construction industry hit hard by war in Ukraine.” Accessed July 25, 2023. https://www.fiec.eu/application/files/2816/6195/4482/2022-June-FIEC_article-Construction_industry_hit_hard_by_war_in_Ukraine-KHL.pdfhttps://www.fiec.eu/application/files/2816/6195/4482/2022-June-FIEC_article-Construction_industry_hit_hard_by_war_in_Ukraine-KHL.pdf.
Glisson, J. D., and J. Courtway. 2019. “Delay provisions in the AIA and ConsensusDocs form contracts.” Saint Louis Bar J. 66 (1): 4–10.
Gunduz, M., and H. A. Elsherbeny. 2020. “Operational framework for managing construction-contract administration practitioners’ perspective through modified Delphi method.” J. Constr. Eng. Manage. 146 (3): 04019110. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0001768.
Hafeez, K. 2011. “Comparative study of price adjustment formula and its implications in construction contracts.” Doctoral dissertation, Dept. of Construction Engineering and Management, National Univ. of Sciences and Technology Islamabad.
Handfield, R. B., G. Graham, and L. Burns. 2020. “Corona virus, tariffs, trade wars and supply chain evolutionary design.” Int. J. Oper. Prod. Manage. 40 (10): 1649–1660. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOPM-03-2020-0171.
Hanes, C. 2022. “Effects of the Russia-Ukraine conflict on construction supply chains.” Accessed October 15, 2022. https://www.irmi.com/articles/expert-commentary/effects-of-the-russia-ukraine-conflict-on-construction-supply-chains.
Hansen, S. 2020. “Does the COVID-19 outbreak constitute a force majeure event? A pandemic impact on construction contracts.” J. Civ. Eng. Forum 6 (1): 201–214.
Haslinda, A. N., T. W. Xian, K. Norfarahayu, R. M. Hanafi, and H. M. Fikri. 2018. “Investigation on the factors influencing construction time and cost overrun for high-rise building projects in Penang.” J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 995 (1): 012043. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/995/1/012043.
Hillig, J. B., D. Dan-Asabe, S. Donyavi, O. Dursun, and A. Thampuratty. 2010. “FIDIC’s red Book 1999 edition: A study review.” Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng. Manage. Procure. Law 163 (3): 129–133. https://doi.org/10.1680/mpal.2010.163.3.129.
Hughes, K. 2018. Understanding the NEC4 ECC contract: A practical handbook. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781351014359.
Johnson, A. 2022. “Tackling cost escalation in international construction and engineering projects.” Accessed October 19, 2022. https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=4d0bc80b-3ef1-444c-a93b-c61e7c1cfa20.
JUSTIA US LAW. 1984. “S. Leo Harmonay, Inc. v. Binks Mfg. Co., 597 F. Supp. 1014 (S.D.N.Y. 1984).”Accessed October 26, 1984. https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/FSupp/597/1014/1437536/.
Kangari, R. 1995. “Risk management perceptions and trends of US construction.” J. Constr. Eng. Manage. 121 (4): 422–429. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9364(1995)121:4(422).
Khalef, R., G. G. Ali, I. H. El-adaway, and G. M. Gad. 2022. “Managing construction projects impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic: A contractual perspective.” Construct. Manage. Econ. 40 (4): 313–330. https://doi.org/10.1080/01446193.2022.2031238.
Khalef, R., I. H. El-adaway, R. Assaad, and N. Kieta. 2021. “Contract risk management: A comparative study of risk allocation in exculpatory clauses and their legal treatment.” J. Leg. Aff. Dispute Resolut. Eng. Constr. 13 (1): 04520036. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)LA.1943-4170.0000430.
Khan, J., A. Ishizaka, and S. K. Mangla. 2022. “Assessing risk of supply chain disruption due to COVID-19 with fuzzy VIKORSort.” Ann. Oper. Res. 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10479-022-04940-9.
Love, P. E., and D. D. Ahiaga-Dagbui. 2018. “Debunking fake news in a post-truth era: The plausible untruths of cost underestimation in transport infrastructure projects.” Transp. Res. Part A: Policy Pract. 113 (Apr): 357–368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2018.04.019.
Love, P. E., D. D. Ahiaga-Dagbui, and Z. Irani. 2016. “Cost overruns in transportation infrastructure projects: Sowing the seeds for a probabilistic theory of causation.” Transp. Res. Part A: Policy Pract. 92 (Jun): 184–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2016.08.007.
Lupton, S. 2019. Guide to JCT intermediate building contract 2016: JCT intermediate building contract (IC), JCT intermediate building contract with contractor’s design (ICD). London: RIBA. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429346040.
Mekonen, H., A. M. Legesse, and F. M. Ameya. 2023. “Investigation of price escalation and its mitigation mechanisms on selected building construction projects of Jimma University.” Jordan J. Civ. Eng. 17 (2). https://doi.org/10.14525/JJCE.v17i2.03.
Musarat, M. A., W. S. Alaloul, and M. S. Liew. 2021. “Impact of inflation rate on construction projects budget: A review.” Ain Shams Eng. J. 12 (1): 407–414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2020.04.009.
Novikov, A. M., and D. A. Novikov. 2013. Vol. 2 of Research methodology: From philosophy of science to research design. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Prichett, M. B., P. W. Griesmyer, D. F. Mcdonald, V. G. Venters, and L. R. Dysert. 2011. AACE international certified cost technician primer. Morgantown, WV: AACE International.
Rakhra, A. S., and A. J. Wilson. 1982. Inflation, budgeting and construction costs. Ottawa: National Research Council Canada.
Rauzana, A. 2016. “Causes of conflicts and disputes in construction projects.” IOSR J. Mech. Civ. Eng. 13 (5): 44–48. https://doi.org/10.9790/1684-1305064448.
Salehi, F., S. M. J. M. Al-e, and S. M. M. Husseini. 2022. “A 2-phase interdependent methodology for sustainable project portfolio planning in the pharmaceutical industry.” Comput. Ind. Eng. 174 (Jun): 108794. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cie.2022.108794.
Schwenzer, I. 2008. “Force majeure and hardship in international sales contracts.” Victoria U. Wellington L. Rev. 39 (4): 709. https://doi.org/10.26686/vuwlr.v39i4.5487.
Shafik, N., S. Qodsi, E. Serag, and M. Helmi. 2016. “Application of FIDIC contracts under the Egyptian civil code.” J. Leg. Aff. Dispute Resolut. Eng. Constr. 8 (3): 04516004. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)LA.1943-4170.0000193.
Shah, R. K. 2016. “An exploration of causes for delay and cost overrun in construction projects: A case study of Australia, Malaysia & Ghana.” J. Adv. College Eng. Manage. 2 (1): 41–55. https://doi.org/10.3126/jacem.v2i0.16097.
Stokes, M. 1978. International construction contracts. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Uniform Commercial Code. 1952. “(§ 2-615) excuse by failure of presupposed conditions, comment 4.” Accessed January 1, 2024. https://www.law.cornell.edu/ucc/2/2-615.
Vamsidhar, K., D. A. Eshwarswaroop, K. Ayyappapreamkrishna, and R. Gopinath. 2014. “Study and rate analysis of escalation in construction industry.” IOSR J. Mech. Civ. Eng. 11 (2): 14–25. https://doi.org/10.9790/1684-11251425.
Ward, S. C., C. B. Chapman, and B. Curtis. 1991. “On the allocation of risk in construction projects.” Int. J. Project Manage. 9 (3): 140–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/0263-7863(91)90038-W.
Windapo, A. O., and K. Cattell. 2010. “Perceptions of key construction and development challenges facing the construction industry in South Africa.” In Proc., Association of Schools of Construction of Southern Africa ASOCSA, Fifth Built Environment Conf. Gqebera, South Africa: Association of Schools of Construction of Southern Africa.
Yates, J. K., and J. A. Smith. 2007. “Global legal issues for engineers and constructors.” J. Civ. Eng. Educ. 133 (3): 199–209. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1052-3928(2007)133:3(199).
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
Volume 150 • Issue 9 • September 2024
Copyright
© 2024 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Apr 20, 2023
Accepted: Apr 1, 2024
Published online: Jun 28, 2024
Published in print: Sep 1, 2024
Discussion open until: Nov 28, 2024
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.