Axial Compressive Behavior of Slender Circular Columns Made of Green Concrete and Double Layers of Steel and GFRP Reinforcement
Publication: Journal of Composites for Construction
Volume 27, Issue 6
Abstract
Green concrete made with ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS) has presented itself as a sustainable alternative to traditional concrete. Similarly, the noncorroding fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) reinforcing bars have demonstrated reliable structural performance at a competitive price. The combination of these materials substantially improves the service lifespan for reinforced concrete (RC) structures. Earlier research investigations and existing standards do not account for FRP reinforcement in the design for compressive forces. This study revisits this design approach while experimentally investigating the axial compressive behavior of slender circular GGBS-based green concrete columns reinforced with double layers of steel and glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars and spirals. The experimental program consists of nine large-scale specimens loaded concentrically. All specimens had a diameter of 260 mm and a length of 2,500 mm, yielding a slenderness ratio of 38.5. Two control specimens were reinforced with a single steel layer having 1.2% and 2.5% longitudinal reinforcement ratios. The remaining seven specimens had an outer layer of GFRP reinforcement and an inner layer of steel reinforcement. The investigated parameters were: (1) longitudinal reinforcement ratio; (2) spiral reinforcement ratio; and (3) spiral reinforcement configuration (pitch and diameter). The experimental findings revealed that all tested columns failed in a material-type failure. However, the slenderness effects reduced the strength of the hybrid-reinforced columns compared with the control counterparts. The steel-reinforced control specimens demonstrated load-carrying capacities that agreed well with nominal capacity predictions under existing code. Conversely, the nominal capacity predictions in current codes and standards underestimated the strength of the hybrid specimens. A proposed equation from the literature that considers the compression contribution of GFRP bars was also evaluated, and a proposed correction factor was introduced to count for second-order effects. Due to the limited number of specimens in this study, future research is warranted to refine this proposed correction factor further.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
All data are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Acknowledgments
This research was financially supported by the American University of Sharjah (AUS) through the Faculty Research Grant program (EFRG18-MSE-CEN-25). This paper represents the opinions of the authors and does not mean to represent the position or opinions of the sponsors.
References
Abdelazim, W., H. M. Mohamed, M. Z. Afifi, and B. Benmokrane. 2020. “Proposed slenderness limit for glass fiber-reinforced polymer-reinforced concrete columns based on experiments and buckling analysis.” ACI Struct. J. 117 (1): 241–254. https://doi.org/10.14359/51718073.
Abdulkatib, W. 2016. “Design and performance of sustainable/green concrete.” Master of Science thesis, Dept. of Civil Engineering, American Univ. of Sharjah.
ACI (American Concrete Institute). 2019. Building code requirements for structural concrete and commentary, 1–524. ACI 318-19. ACI Committee 318. Farmington Hills, MI: ACI.
ACI (American Concrete Institute). 2022. Building code requirements for structural concrete reinforced with glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars and commentary, 1–255. ACI Committee 440. Farmington Hills, MI: ACI.
Afifi, M. Z., H. M. Mohamed, and B. Benmokrane. 2014. “Axial capacity of circular concrete columns reinforced with GFRP bars and spirals.” J. Compos. Constr. 18 (1): 04013017. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000438.
Aghdam, K. A., A. F. Rad, H. Shakeri, and J. M. Sardroud. 2018. “Approaching green buildings using eco-efficient construction materials : A review of the state-of-the-art.” KICEM J. Constr. Eng. Project Manage. 8 (3): 1–23.
AlNajmi, L., and F. Abed. 2020. “Evaluation of FRP bars under compression and their performance in RC columns.” Materials 13 (20): 4541. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13204541.
ASCC (American Society of Concrete Contractors) Education, Research & Development Foundation. 2013. Assessing the impact of ‘green’ concrete mixtures on building construction. Denver, CO: American Society of Concrete Contractors and Charles Pankow Foundation.
ASTM. 2021a. Standard test method for tensile properties of fiber reinforced polymer matrix composite bars. ASTM D7205/D7205M-21. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2021b. Standard test methods and definitions for mechanical testing of steel products, 1–50. ASTM A370-21. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
Bakis, C. E., L. C. Bank, V. L. Brown, E. Cosenza, J. F. Davalos, J. J. Lesko, A. Machida, S. H. Rizkalla, and T. C. Triantafillou. 2002. “Fiber-reinforced polymer composites for construction—State-of-the-Art Review.” J. Compos. Constr. 6 (2): 73–87. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(2002)6:2(73).
BSI (British Standards Institution). 2000. B. standards, concrete -part 1: Specification, performance, production and conformity. BS-EN206.01. London: British Standards Institution.
CSA (Canadian Standards Association). 2012. Design and construction of building components with fiber reinforced polymers. CAN/CSAS806-12 (R2021). Toronto: CSA.
Chandio, S. A., B. A. Memon, M. Oad, F. A. Chandio, and M. U. Memon. 2020. “Effect of fly ash on the compressive strength of green concrete.” Eng. Technol. Appl. Sci. Res. 10 (3): 5728–5731. https://doi.org/10.48084/etasr.3499.
Couvidat, J., C. Diliberto, E. Meux, L. Izoret, and A. Lecomte. 2020. “Greening effect of concrete containing granulated blast-furnace slag composite cement: Is there an environmental impact?” Cem. Concr. Compos. 113: 103711. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2020.103711.
De Luca, A. 2009. “Behavior of full-scale reinforced concrete members with external confinement or internal composite reinforcement under pure axial load.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Univ. of Miami.
De Luca, A., F. Matta, and A. Nanni. 2010. “Behavior of full-scale glass fiber-reinforced polymer reinforced concrete columns under axial load.” ACI Struct. J. 107 (05): 589–596. https://doi.org/10.14359/51663912.
Elchalakani, M., T. Aly, and E. Abu-Aisheh. 2014. “Sustainable concrete with high volume GGBFS to build Masdar City in the UAE.” Case Stud. Constr. Mater. 1: 10–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2013.11.001.
El-Gamal, S., and O. AlShareedah. 2020. “Behavior of axially loaded low strength concrete columns reinforced with GFRP bars and spirals.” Eng. Struct. 216 (1): 110732. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2020.110732.
Garg, C., and A. Jain. 2014. “Green concrete : Efficient & eco-friendly construction materials.” IMPACT : Int. J. Res. Eng. Technol. 2 (2): 259–264.
Government of Dubai. 2018. Dubai municipality-building department researches and building system section. Circular No. 225, (1): 1–3. Dubai: Government of Dubai.
Hadi, M. N. S., H. Karim, and M. N. Sheikh. 2016. “Experimental investigations on circular concrete columns reinforced with GFRP bars and helices under different loading conditions.” J. Compos. Constr. 20 (4): 04016009. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000670.
Hales, T. A., C. P. Pantelides, and L. D. Reaveley. 2016. “Experimental evaluation of slender high-strength concrete columns with GFRP and hybrid reinforcement.” J. Compos. Constr. 20 (6): 04016050. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000709.
Khalatkar, N. 2017. “Study on green concrete.” Int. J. Adv. Mech. Civ. Eng. 4 (2): 92–95.
Khorramian, K., and P. Sadeghian. 2019. “New testing method of GFRP bars in compression.” In Proc., 7th Int. Materials Specialty Conf., 2018, Held as Part of the Canadian Society for Civil Engineering Annual Conference 2018. Quebec: Canadian Society for Civil Engineering (CSCE).
Mohamed, H. M., M. Z. Afifi, and B. Benmokrane. 2014. “Performance evaluation of concrete columns reinforced longitudinally with FRP bars and confined with FRP hoops and spirals under axial load.” J. Bridge Eng. 19 (7): 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0000590.
Murkute, S., M. S. H. and V, and A. Patil. 2018. “Comparative study of green concrete and conventional concrete on strength and durability properties.” Int. Res. J. Adv. Eng. Sci. 3 (4): 229–232. https://doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.1.9873.
Nakum, A. V., and N. K. Arora. 2023. “Fresh and mechanical characterization of fly ash/slag by incorporating steel fiber in self-compacted geopolymer concrete.” Constr. Build. Mater. 368: 130481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.130481.
Nayana, A. Y., and S. Kavitha. 2017. “Green concrete by using high volume slag, recycled aggregate, recycled water to build eco environment.” Int. J. Adv. Eng. Technol. 1 (2): 27–29.
Pang, L., W. Qu, P. Zhu, and J. Xu. 2016. “Design propositions for hybrid FRP-steel reinforced concrete beams.” J. Compos. Constr. 20 (4): 04015086. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000654.
Pantelides, C. P., M. E. Gibbons, and L. D. Reaveley. 2013. “Axial load behavior of concrete columns confined with GFRP spirals.” J. Compos. Constr. 17 (3): 305–313. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000357.
Qu, W., X. Zhang, and H. Huang. 2009. “Flexural behavior of concrete beams reinforced with hybrid (GFRP and steel) bars.” J. Compos. Constr. 13 (5): 350–359. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000035.
Saadoon, A., A. Abbas, and A. Almayah. 2019. “Revision study of green concrete.” Basrah J. Eng. Sci. 19 (2): 33–38. https://doi.org/10.33971/bjes.19.2.5.
Senani, M., N. Ferhoune, A. Guettala, and J. B. Aguiar. 2018. “Eco-concrete with incorporation of blast furnace slag as natural aggregates replacement.” Sci. Technol. Mater. 30: 144–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stmat.2017.12.001.
Sridhar, R. K., and R. Prasad. 2019. “Experimental and numerical study on damage evaluation of hybrid fiber-reinforced concrete.” Asian J. Civ. Eng. 20 (5): 745–758. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42107-019-00141-1.
Suhendro, B. 2014. “Toward green concrete for better sustainable environment.” Procedia Eng. 95: 305–320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2014.12.190.
Tobbi, H., A. S. Farghaly, and B. Benmokrane. 2012. “Concrete columns reinforced longitudinally and transversally with glass fiber-reinforced polymer bars.” ACI Struct. J. 109 (4): 551–558.
Tobbi, H., A. S. Farghaly, and B. Benmokrane. 2014. “Behavior of concentrically loaded fiber-reinforced polymer reinforced concrete columns with varying reinforcement types and ratios.” ACI Struct. J. 111 (2): 375–386. https://doi.org/10.14359/51686528.
Uomoto, T., H. Mutsuyoshi, F. Katsuki, and S. Misra. 2002. “Use of fiber reinforced polymer composites as reinforcing material for concrete.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 14 (3): 191–209. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2002)14:3(191).
Xu, J., P. Zhu, Z. J. Ma, and W. Qu. 2019. “Fatigue flexural analysis of concrete beams reinforced with hybrid GFRP and steel bars.” Eng. Struct. 199: 109635. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2019.109635.
Zulu, B. A., S. Miyazawa, and N. Nito. 2019. “Properties of blast-furnace slag cement concrete subjected to accelerated curing.” Infrastructures 4: 69. https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures4040069.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Composites for Construction
Volume 27 • Issue 6 • December 2023
Copyright
© 2023 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Aug 22, 2022
Accepted: May 24, 2023
Published online: Aug 17, 2023
Published in print: Dec 1, 2023
Discussion open until: Jan 17, 2024
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.