Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Headed Bar Joints between Precast Concrete Bridge Slabs Loaded in Tension
Publication: Journal of Bridge Engineering
Volume 28, Issue 11
Abstract
A new connection joint between precast concrete bridge slabs, headed bar joints in high-performance fiber-reinforced mortar (HPFRM), is proposed to reduce the lap length and simplify the construction process of the traditional slab joint configurations. To investigate the tensile behavior of the proposed headed bar joints in HPFRM between precast concrete bridge slabs, four groups of 12-headed bar joint specimens were tested in different loading rules. Contributing factors to the joint tensile strength, including anchor plate configurations and loading rules, were investigated. A three-dimensional refined rib-scale finite-element (FE) modeling method was further proposed and verified against the experimental results. The working mechanism of mechanical anchorage and indirect lap splice was analyzed based on the FE analysis. This research shows that with the reinforcing bar spacing and lap length used in this paper, the joint specimens having 60 mm or less anchor plate length encountered conical shear failure before the rebars reached the characteristic tensile strength. At the peak load, with the degradation of the bond between reinforcement and mortar, the coworking mechanism of the mechanical anchorage and bond was switched to mechanical anchorage alone carrying most of the applied load. Increasing the anchor plate thickness can effectively improve the tensile stiffness and strength of the joint and hence avoid conical shear failure, while the influence of loading rules is very limited. The proposed refined rib-scale model can accurately predict the failure mode and tensile strength of the headed bar joints without artificially assuming the bond–slip constitutive relationship.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
All data, models, or codes that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
References
ACI (American Concrete Institute). 2005. Building code requirements for structural concrete and commentary. ACI 318-05. Farmington Hills, MI: ACI.
Al-Mahaidi, R. S. H. 1979. Nonlinear finite element analysis of reinforced concrete deep members. Rep. No. 79–1. Ithaca, NY.
Aragão Almeida, S. Jr., and S. Guner. 2020. “A hybrid methodology using finite elements and neural networks for the analysis of adhesive anchors exposed to hurricanes and adverse environments.” Eng. Struct. 212: 1–9.
Chun, S. C. 2015. “Lap splice tests using high-strength headed bars of 550 MPa (80 ksi) yield strength.” ACI Struct. J. 112 (6): 679–688.
Cox, J. V., and L. R. Herrmann. 1998. “Development of a plasticity bond model for steel reinforcement.” Mech. Cohesive-frict. Mater. 3 (2): 155–180. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1484(199804)3:2%3C155::AID-CFM45%3E3.0.CO;2-S.
Culmo, M. P. 2000. “Rapid bridge deck replacement with full-depth precast concrete slabs.” Transp. Res. Rec. 1712: 139–146. https://doi.org/10.3141/1712-17.
DIANA FEA BV. 2022. Diana documentation release 10.5. Delft, Netherlands: DIANA FEA BV.
EOTA (European Organisation for Technical Approvals). 2010. ETAG 001-guideline for European technical approval of metal anchor for use in concrete-Annex C: Design methods for anchorages. Brussels, Belgium: EOTA.
fib/CEB (Fédération Internationale du Béton/Comité Euro-international du Béton). 2011. Design of anchorages in concrete. Lausanne, Switzerland: Thomas Telford Services.
Feenstra, P. H. 1993. Computational aspects of biaxial stress in plian and reinforced concrete. Delft, Netherlands: Delft Univ. of Technology.
Fuchs, W., R. Eligehausen, and J. E. Breen. 1995. “Concrete cone capacity design (CDD) approach for fastening in concrete.” ACI Struct. J. 92 (1): 73–94.
Gordon, S. R., and I. M. May. 2006. “Development of in situ joints for pre-cast bridge deck units.” Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng. Bridge Eng. 159 (1): 17–30.
Gordon, S. R., and I. M. May. 2007. “Precast deck systems for steel–concrete composite bridges.” Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng. Bridge Eng. 160 (1): 25–35.
Hällmark, R., H. White, and P. Collin. 2012. “Prefabricated bridge construction across Europe and America.” Pract. Period. Struct. Des. Constr. 17 (3): 82–92. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)SC.1943-5576.0000116.
Hara, K., K. Niitani, M. Terui, and H. Wakisaka. 2011. “Lap joint of prefabricated bridge deck slab with epoxy coated reinforcement and mechanical anchorage.” In Proc., Symp. on Development in Prestressed Concrete, 165–170. Hakodate, Japan: Japan Prestressed Concrete Institution.
Hatakeyama, S., Y. Sagawa, H. Hamada, S. Hino, M. Masaki, and Y. Sato. 2021. “Development of improved loop joint applied for precast PC deck slab.” J. Adv. Concr. Technol. 19 (6): 644–654. https://doi.org/10.3151/jact.19.644.
Jiang, T., Z. Wu, L. Huang, and H. Ye. 2020. “Three-dimensional nonlinear finite element modeling for bond performance of ribbed steel bars in concrete under lateral tensions.” Int. J. Civ. Eng. 18 (5): 595–617. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40999-019-00488-1.
Joergensen, H. B., and L. C. Hoang. 2013. “Tests and limit analysis of loop connections between precast concrete elements loaded in tension.” Eng. Struct. 52: 558–569. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2013.03.015.
JRA (Japan Road Association). 2017. Specifications for highway bridges: Part II concrete bridges and concrete members. Tokyo: JRA.
Lagier, F., B. Massicotte, and J.-P. Charron. 2016. “3D nonlinear finite-element modeling of lap splices in UHPFRC.” J. Struct. Eng. 142 (11): 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001549.
Li, L., Z. J. Ma, and R. G. Oesterle. 2010. “Improved longitudinal joint details in decked bulb tees for accelerated bridge construction: Fatigue evaluation.” J. Bridge Eng. 15 (5): 511–522. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0000097.
Michou, A., A. Hilaire, F. Benboudjema, G. Nahas, P. Wyniecki, and Y. Berthaud. 2015. “Reinforcement–concrete bond behavior: Experimentation in drying conditions and meso-scale modeling.” Eng. Struct. 101: 570–582. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2015.07.028.
Nakamura, H., and T. Higai. 1999. “Compressive fracture energy and fracture zone length of concrete, seminar on post-peak behavior of RC structures subjected to seismic loads.” JCI-C51E, 2: 259–272.
Nasrin, S., and A. Ibrahim. 2018. “Finite-element modeling of UHPC hybrid bridge deck connections.” Int. J. Adv. Struct. Eng. 10 (3): 199–210. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40091-018-0192-2.
NSC (Nippon Steel Corporation). 2010. Handbook of construction materials. Tokyo: NSC.
Ryu, H.-K., Y.-J. Kim, and S.-P. Chang. 2007. “Experimental study on static and fatigue strength of loop joints.” Eng. Struct. 29 (2): 145–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2006.04.014.
Seok, S., G. Haikal, J. A. Ramirez, and L. N. Lowes. 2018. “High-resolution finite element modeling for bond in high-strength concrete beam.” Eng. Struct. 173: 918–932. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.06.068.
Thompson, M. K., A. Ledesma, J. O. Jirsa, and J. E. Breen. 2006. “Lap splices anchored by headed bars.” ACI Struct. J. 103 (2): 271–279.
Vella, J. P., R. L. Vollum, and A. Jackson. 2017a. “Investigation of headed bar joints between precast concrete panels.” Eng. Struct. 138: 351–366. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.02.018.
Vella, J. P., R. L. Vollum, and A. Jackson. 2017b. “Numerical modelling of headed bar joints subjected to tension.” Mag. Concr. Res. 69 (20): 1027–1042. https://doi.org/10.1680/jmacr.17.00011.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
© 2023 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Nov 19, 2022
Accepted: Jul 24, 2023
Published online: Sep 12, 2023
Published in print: Nov 1, 2023
Discussion open until: Feb 12, 2024
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.