Frequency-Based Early Crack Detection and Damage Severity Measure in Structural Glass Members: Application to Beams in Bending
Publication: Journal of Architectural Engineering
Volume 30, Issue 4
Abstract
As is known, the propagation of cracks in a structural member is associated with local modifications of rigidity and thus possible major effects that can strongly affect its load-bearing capacity and dynamic parameters. As such, among others, the natural frequency control represents a consolidated and efficient approach for damage detection, damage severity assessment, and in situ monitoring for several structural typologies. In this paper, attention is given to typically brittle-in-tension structural glass members and to the analysis of first-crack initiation in terms of natural frequency decrease. The goal is to assess the potential and feasibility of a standardized approach for in situ structural health monitoring (SHM) assessment. To this aim, the investigation takes advantage of a literature analytical model for frequency assessment (i.e., as a function of crack position and depth), and of finite-element (FE) numerical simulations carried out to predict the cracked vibration frequency of various configurations of technical interest. As a first step of this possible methodology assessment, glass beams under an in-plane bending setup are considered, given that they are largely used as stiffeners or fins. It is shown that while glass material is typically brittle in tension and cracks can originate from edges due to several reasons, traditional frequency-based monitoring tools can be efficiently adapted for early detection and to quantify damage in existing glass structures. For the examined configurations, it is shown that frequency reductions up to ≈−20% can be expected due to first-crack initiation. Most importantly, the FE numerical analyses show that crack shape/geometry can further emphasize the expected frequency decrease, and thus additionally enforce the need of specific protocols/performance indicators for SHM purposes in existing structures, as well as for the optimal design of new systems.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
Data will be shared upon request.
Acknowledgments
This research activity was carried out in the framework of the “HOPgLAz – Holistic post-breakage characterization for optimized safe design of glass under multi-hazard” research project. The author would like to gratefully acknowledge the Italian Ministry of University and Research (MUR) for the financial support via the FIS2021 Starting Grant (FIS00000609).
References
Barad, K. H., D. S. Sharma, and V. Vyas. 2013. “Crack detection in cantilever beam by frequency based method.” Procedia Eng. 51: 770–775. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2013.01.110.
Bedon, C. 2019. “Issues on the vibration analysis of in-service laminated glass structures: Analytical, experimental and numerical investigations on delaminated beams.” Appl. Sci. 9 (18): 3928. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9183928.
Bedon, C., M. Fasan, and C. Amadio. 2019. “Vibration analysis and dynamic characterization of structural glass elements with different restraints based on Operational Modal Analysis.” Buildings 9 (1): 13. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings9010013.
Bedon, C., and C. Louter. 2017a. “Finite element analysis of post-tensioned SG-laminated glass beams with adhesively bonded steel tendons.” Compos. Struct. 167: 238–250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2017.01.086.
Bedon, C., and C. Louter. 2017b. “Numerical analysis of glass-FRP post-tensioned beams—Review and assessment.” Compos. Struct. 177: 129–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2017.06.060.
Bedon, C., and C. Louter. 2018. “Numerical investigation on structural glass beams with GFRP-embedded rods, including effects of pre-stress.” Compos. Struct. 184: 650–661. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2017.10.027.
Bedon, C., and C. Louter. 2019. “Structural glass beams with embedded GFRP, CFRP or steel reinforcement rods: Comparative experimental, analytical and numerical investigations.” J. Build. Eng. 22: 227–241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2018.12.008.
Bedon, C., and S. Noè. 2021. “Post-breakage vibration frequency analysis of in-service pedestrian laminated glass modular units.” Vibration 4 (4): 836–852. https://doi.org/10.3390/vibration4040047.
Bedon, C., S. Noè, M. Fasan, and C. Amadio. 2023. “Role of in-field experimental diagnostic analysis for the derivation of residual capacity indexes in existing pedestrian glass systems.” Buildings 13 (3): 754. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13030754.
Bukieda, P., K. Lohr, J. Meiberg, and B. Weller. 2020. “Study on the optical quality and strength of glass edges after the grinding and polishing process.” Glass Struct. Eng. 5: 411–428. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40940-020-00121-x.
Cao, T. T., and D. C. Zimmerman. 1999. “Procedure to extract Ritz vectors from dynamic testing data.” J. Struct. Eng. 125 (12): 1393–1400. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1999)125:12(1393).
CEN (European Committee for Standardization). 2004. Glass in buildings—Basic soda lime silicate glass products. EN 572-2:2004. Brussels, Belgium: CEN.
Chettah, M., and L. Rachid. 2018. “Comparative study of direct and inverse problems of cracked beams.” MATEC Web Conf. 149: 02015. https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201814902015.
Clough, R. W., and J. Penzien. 1993. Dynamics of structures. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Delincé, D., D. Callewaert, J. Belis, and R. Van Impe. 2010. “Influence of temperature on post-breakage behaviour of laminated glass beams: Experimental approach.” In Proc., of Challenging Glass 2, edited by F. Bos, C. Louter, and F. Veer. Delft, Netherlands: TU Delft.
Feldmann, M., et al. 2023. “The new CEN/TS 19100: Design of glass structures.” Glass Struct. Eng. 8: 317–337. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40940-023-00219-y.
Fernandez-Saez, J., L. Rubio, and C. Navarro. 1999. “Approximate calculation of the fundamental frequency for bending vibrations of cracked beams.” J. Sound Vib. 225 (2): 345–352. https://doi.org/10.1006/jsvi.1999.2251.
Firmo, F., S. Jordão, L. C. Neves, and C. Bedon. 2020. “Exploratory study on simple hybrid or pre-stressed steel-glass I-beams under short-term bending–Part 1: Experiments.” Compos. Struct. 234: 111651. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2019.111651.
Hána, T., M. Vokáč, M. Eliášová, and K. Machalická. 2020. “Experimental investigation of temperature and loading rate effects on the initial shear stiffness of polymeric interlayers.” Eng. Struct. 223: 110728. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2020.110728.
Honfi, D., and M. Overend. 2013. “Glass structures—Learning from experts.” In Proc., COST Action TU0905 Mid-Term Conf. on Structural Glass, edited by J. Belis, C. Louter, and D. Mocibob, 527–535. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
IStructE (Institution of Structural Engineers). 2015. Structural use of glass in buildings. London: IStructE.
Katsivalis, I., O. T. Thomsen, S. Feih, and M. Achintha. 2020. “Effect of elevated temperatures and humidity on glass/steel adhesive joints.” Int. J. Adhes. Adhes. 102: 102691. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2020.102691.
Kozłowski, M. 2019. “Experimental and numerical assessment of structural behaviour of glass balustrade subjected to soft body impact.” Compos. Struct. 229: 111380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2019.111380.
Krawczuk, M., W. Ostachowicz, and A. Zuk. 1996. “Analysis of natural frequencies of delaminated composite beams based on finite element method.” Struct. Eng. Mech. 4: 243–255. https://doi.org/10.12989/sem.1996.4.3.243.
Lim, T., and H. W. Park. 2022. “Investigating the modal behaviors of a beam with a transverse crack on a high-frequency bending node.” Int. J. Mech. Sci. 221: 107217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2022.107217.
Louter, C., J. Belis, F. Veer, and J.-P. Lebet. 2012a. “Structural response of SG-laminated reinforced glass beams; experimental investigations on the effects of glass type, reinforcement percentage and beam size.” Eng. Struct. 36: 292–301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2011.12.016.
Louter, C., J. Belis, F. Veer, and J.-P. Lebet. 2012b. “Durability of SG-laminated reinforced glass beams: Effects of temperature, thermal cycling, humidity and load-duration.” Constr. Build. Mater. 27 (1): 280–292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.07.046.
Martens, K., R. Caspeele, and J. Belis. 2015a. “Development of composite glass beams—A review.” Eng. Struct. 101: 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2015.07.006.
Martens, K., R. Caspeele, and J. Belis. 2015b. “Development of reinforced and post-tensioned glass beams: Review of experimental research.” J. Struct. Eng. 142 (5): 04015173. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001453.
Müller-Braun, S., M. Seel, M. König, P. Hof, J. Schneider, and M. Oechsner. 2020. “Cut edge of annealed float glass: Crack system and possibilities to increase the edge strength by adjusting the cutting process.” Glass Struct. Eng. 5: 3–25. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40940-019-00108-3.
Ølgaard, A. B., J. H. Nielsen, and J. F. Olesen. 2009. “Design of mechanically reinforced glass beams: Modelling and experiments.” Struct. Eng. Int. 19: 130–136. https://doi.org/10.2749/101686609788220169.
Overend, M., S. De Gaetano, and M. Haldimann. 2007. “Diagnostic interpretation of glass failure.” Struct. Eng. Int. 17 (2): 151–158. https://doi.org/10.2749/101686607780680790.
Pelayo, F., M. J. Lamela-Rey, M. Muniz-Calvente, M. López-Aenlle, A. Álvarez-Vázquez, and A. Fernández-Canteli. 2017. “Study of the time-temperature-dependent behaviour of PVB: Application to laminated glass elements.” Thin-Walled Struct. 119: 324–331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2017.06.030.
Rizos, P. F., N. Aspragathos, and A. D. Dimarogonas. 1990. “Identification of crack location and magnitude in a cantilever beam from the vibration modes.” J. Sound Vib. 138 (3): 381–388. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-460X(90)90593-O.
Salawu, O. S. 1997. “Detection of structural damage through changes in frequency: A review.” Eng. Struct. 19 (9): 718–723. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-0296(96)00149-6.
Santo, D., S. Mattei, and C. Bedon. 2020. “Elastic critical moment for the lateral–torsional buckling (LTB) analysis of structural glass beams with discrete mechanical lateral restraints.” Materials 13 (11): 2492. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13112492.
SIMULIA. 2023. ABAQUS computer software. Providence, RI: SIMULIA.
Sinha, J. K., M. I. Friswell, and S. Edwards. 2002. “Simplified models for the location of cracks in beam structures using measured vibration data.” J. Sound Vib. 251 (1): 13–38. https://doi.org/10.1006/jsvi.2001.3978.
Soliman, E. S. M. M. 2021. “Damage severity for cracked simply supported beams.” Fract. Struct. Integrity 15: 151–165. https://doi.org/10.3221/IGF-ESIS.58.11.
van de Rotten, P., M. A. Akilo, and W. van der Sluis. 2020. “Redundancy tests on glass fins.” In Vol. 7 of Proc., of Challenging Glass, Conf. on Architectural and Structural Applications of Glass. Gent, Belgium: Ghent University.
Vardhan, A., and A. Singh. 2014. “Non-destructive testing based method for crack detection in beams.” Eng. Solid Mech. 2: 193–200. https://doi.org/10.5267/j.esm.2014.4.004.
Vedrtnam, A. 2018. “Experimental and simulation studies on delamination strength of laminated glass composites having polyvinyl butyral and ethyl vinyl acetate inter-layers of different critical thicknesses.” Def. Technol. 14: 313–317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dt.2018.02.002.
Wang, Q., H. Chen, Y. Wang, and J. Sun. 2013. “Thermal shock effect on the glass thermal stress response and crack propagation.” Procedia Eng. 62: 717–724. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2013.08.118.
Weller, B., S. Unnewehr, S. Tasche, and K. Härth. 2012. Glass in building: Principles, applications, examples (detail practice). Munich, Germany: Birkhäuser.
Zhan, J., F. Zhang, and M. Siahkouhi. 2021. “A step-by-step damage identification method based on frequency response function and cross signature assurance criterion.” Sensors 21: 1029. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21041029.
Zhang, Z., K. Shankar, E. V. Morozov, and M. Tahtali. 2016. “Vibration-based delamination detection in composite beams through frequency changes.” J. Vib. Control 22: 496–512. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077546314533584.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Architectural Engineering
Volume 30 • Issue 4 • December 2024
Copyright
© 2024 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: May 9, 2023
Accepted: Jul 2, 2024
Published online: Sep 5, 2024
Published in print: Dec 1, 2024
Discussion open until: Feb 5, 2025
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.