Abstract
This paper presents a study where thermal heat transfer simulations were used to evaluate the potential for condensation among 11 different window systems, ranked by their respective heat transfer coefficients (U-factors) and condensation resistance (CR) rating values. The objectives were to determine exterior environmental conditions under which condensation would occur, to measure the extents of condensation, to compare the extents of condensation among the analyzed window systems, and to evaluate relationships of condensation potential with the ascribed U-factor and CR values. Using THERM software (version 7.7), temperature distribution within the head, jamb, and sill window detail conditions were simulated and the lowest temperatures along the interior surfaces of analyzed window systems were recorded and analyzed for linear extents and location of condensation. Results demonstrate that the conditions under which condensation occurs and the extents of condensation on window surfaces are not driven by the U-factor or CR values, but rather by the individual performance of each window system component (frame, glass, and spacer) and their material properties.
Practical Applications
This paper evaluates the potential for condensation among 11 different window systems, ranked by their respective thermal performance indicators, the heat transfer coefficients (U-factors), and their condensation resistance indicators, also known as the condensation resistance (CR) rating values. The goal was to assess the relationships of condensation with both the U-factor and CR values, to provide a visual understanding of what the CR values mean for selection of fenestration systems, and to provide a framework for preventing condensation. The overall results demonstrate that condensation potential and condensation extents are not only driven by the U-factor and the CR value, as presumed in conventional practice, but by the individualized performance of a specific combination of window components (frame, glass, and spacer), as the lowest-performing component drives condensation.
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Data Availability Statement
Some or all data, models, or codes that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Thermal models may be available upon request.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank Helen Sanders and Alexandra Blakeslee, and Technoform for providing funding support for this research project.
References
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Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Architectural Engineering
Volume 29 • Issue 4 • December 2023
Copyright
© 2023 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Nov 3, 2022
Accepted: Jul 21, 2023
Published online: Sep 7, 2023
Published in print: Dec 1, 2023
Discussion open until: Feb 7, 2024
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