Surface Settlement of Shallow Shield Tunneling: Face Pressure, Tail-Void Grouting Pressure, and Grout Volume
Publication: International Journal of Geomechanics
Volume 24, Issue 6
Abstract
Surface settlement caused by shallow shield tunneling can occur frequently. Machine variables such as face pressure, tail-void grouting pressure, and grout volume play an essential role in the settlement control of earth pressure balance (EPB) tunnel boring machines (TBMs). Combined with literature review, theoretical derivation, case verification, and numerical simulation, methods were established for adjusting the key parameters, including the face pressure in the plenum chamber, the advance speed of the shield machine, and the rotational speed of the screw conveyor. The grouting volume required to backfill the tail void was calculated according to shield kinematics, a physical model test under high pressure and soil states during excavation,. From the mechanical properties of soil, the function between surface settlement and tail-void grouting pressure based on the Peck formula, stochastic medium theory, and Terzaghi soil arching theory was deduced for the first time. With the increase in grouting pressure, the soil was compressed after the formation of the soil arch, and the process from original settlement to upheaval was also expressed by numerical simulations. In addition, the proposed methods could control the surface settlement effectively and result in more accurate predictions. By comparing the predicted surface settlement to measured data from the Harbin Metro Line 2 project, the adaptability of the proposed methods for the face pressure, tail-void grouting pressure, and grout volume was verified.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
All data, models, and codes generated or used during the study appear in the published article.
Acknowledgments
The work was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 41772314) and the Key Research and Development Project of Hubei Province (Grant No. 2021BCA219). The cooperation between authors was funded by the China Scholarship Council (CSC, Grant No. 202306410068). The authors also thank the anonymous referees and the editor for their constructive feedback and suggestions that encouraged us to improve the quality of this paper.
References
Abbas, Q., J. Yoon, and J. Lee. 2023. “Characterization of wall deflection and ground settlement for irregular-shaped excavations with changes in corner configuration.” Int. J. Geomech. 23 (1): 2–3. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0002591.
Adachi, T., M. Kimura, and K. Kishida. 2003. “Experimental study on the distribution of earth pressure and surface settlement through three-dimensional trapdoor tests.” Tunnelling Underground Space Technol. 18 (2–3): 171–183. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0886-7798(03)00025-7.
Anagnoustou, G., and K. Kovari. 1996. “Face stability in slurry and EPB shield tunneling.” Tunnels Tunnelling 28 (12): 27–29.
Augarde, C. E., A. V. Lyamin, and S. W. Sloan. 2003. “Stability of an undrained plane strain heading revisited.” Comput. Geotech. 30 (5): 419–430. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0266-352X(03)00009-0.
Avgerinos, V., D. M. Potts, J. R. Standing, and M. S. P. Wan. 2018. “Predicting tunnelling-induced ground movements and interpreting field measurements using numerical analysis: Crossrail case study at Hyde Park.” Géotechnique 68 (1): 31–49.
Barros, P. L. A. 2006. “A Coulomb-type solution for active earth thrust with seepage.” Géotechnique 56 (3): 159–164. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.2006.56.3.159.
Benmebarek, N., S. Benmebarek, R. Kastner, and A.-H. Soubra. 2006. “Passive and active earth pressures in the presence of groundwater flow.” Géotechnique 56 (3): 149–158. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.2006.56.3.149.
Bezuijen, A., A. M. Talmon, F. J. Kaalberg, and R. Plugge. 2004. “Field measurements of grout pressures during tunnelling of the sophia rail tunnel.” Soils Found. 44 (1): 39–48. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf.44.39.
Binh, T. L., K. Minoru, P. Quoc, and T. Neil. 2020. “An empirical analysis on measured ground surface settlement induced by TBM tunnelling in Ho Chi Minh City.” Bull. Eng. Geol. Environ. 62: 305–312. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2184-3_38
Broere, W., and D. Festa. 2017. “Correlation between the kinematics of a tunnel boring machine and the observed soil displacements.” Tunnelling Underground Space Technol. 70: 125–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2017.07.014.
Brooker, E. W., and H. O. Ireland. 1965. “Earth pressures at rest related to stress history.” Can. Geotech. J. 2 (1): 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1139/t65-001.
Chen, C. N., W.-Y. Huang, and C.-T. Tseng. 2011. “Stress redistribution and ground arch development during tunneling.” Tunnelling Underground Space Technol. 26: 228–235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2010.06.012.
Chen, R. X., B. Zhu, Y. M. Chen, and R. P. Chen. 2010. “Modified Terzaghi loozening earth pressure based on theory of main stress axes rotation.” Rock Soil Mech. 31 (5): 5.
Chen, X. Z. 1989. Soil mechanics and geotechnical engineering. Beijing: Tsinghua University Press.
Cuong-Le, T., K. D. Nguyen, H. Le-Minh, P. Phan-Vu, P. Nguyen-Trong, and A. Tounsi. 2022. “Nonlinear bending analysis of porous sigmoid FGM nanoplate via IGA and nonlocal strain gradient theory.” Adv. Nano Res. 12 (5): 441.
Fang, Y. S., and I. Ishibashi. 1986. “Static earth pressures with various wall movements.” J. Geotech. Eng. 112 (3): 317–333. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1986)112.
Dindarloo, S. R., and E. Siami-Irdemoosa. 2015. “Maximum surface settlement based classification of shallow tunnels in soft ground.” Tunnelling Underground Space Technol. 49: 320–327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2015.04.021.
Ding, W., H. Wang, K. Liu, M. Hou, and R. Chen. 2021. “Stability evaluation model of a tunnel face excavated by the benching method in a soft silty clay layer.” Int. J. Geomech. 21 (4): 04021022. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0001962.
Garg, A., M.-O. Belarbi, A. Tounsi, L. Li, A. Singh, and T. Mukhopadhyay. 2022. “Predicting elemental stiffness matrix of FG nanoplates using Gaussian Process Regression based surrogate model in framework of layerwise model.” Eng. Anal. Boundary Elem. 143: 779–795. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enganabound.2022.08.001.
Guo, Y. 2013. “Study on ground surface movement induced by large-diameter earth pressure balance shield tunneling.” China Civ. Eng. J. 46 (11): 128–137.
Hu, X., C. He, G. Walton, Y. Fang, and G. Dai. 2020. “Laboratory model test of EPB shield tunneling in a cobble-rich soil.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 146 (10): 04020112. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0002355.
Imamura, S., T. Hagiwara, K. Mito, T. Nomoto, and O. Kusakabe. 1998. “Settlement trough above a model shield observed in a centrifuge.” In Proc., Int. Conf. Centrifuge 98, 713–719.
Islam, M. S., and M. Iskander. 2021. “Twin tunnelling induced ground settlements: A review.” Tunnelling Underground Space Technol. 110 (3): 103614. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2020.103614.
Jaky, C. 1944. “The coefficient of earth pressure at-rest.” J. Soc. Hung. Architects Eng. 78 (22): 355–358.
Jenck, O., and D. Dias. 2004. “3D-finite difference analysis of the interaction between concrete building and shallow tunneling.” Géotechnique 54: 519–528. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.2004.54.8.519.
Jiang, X. L., Z. M. Zhao, and Y. Li. 2004. “Analysis and calculation of surface and subsurface settlement trough profiles due to tunneling.” Rock Soil Mech. 25 (10): 3.
Jin, H., D. Yuan, D. Jin, J. Wu, X. Wang, B. Han, and J. Mao. 2022. “Shield kinematics and its influence on ground settlement in ultra-soft soil: A case study in Suzhou.” Can. Geotech. J. 59: 1887–1900. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2021-0603.
Katiyar, V., A. Gupta, and A. Tounsi. 2022. “Microstructural/geometric imperfection sensitivity on the vibration response of geometrically discontinuous bi-directional functionally graded plates (2D FGPs) with partial supports by using FEM.” Steel Compos. Struct. Int. J. 45 (5): 621–640.
Keshavarz, A., and Z. Pooresmaeil. 2016. “Evaluation of the static and seismic active lateral earth pressure for cf soils by the ZEL method. Sci. Iran. 23 (1): 142–154. https://doi.org/10.24200/sci.2016.2105.
Kirsch, A. 2010. “Experimental investigation of the face stability of shallow tunnels in sand.” Acta Geotech. 5: 43–62. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-010-0110-7.
Kontogianni, V. A., and S. C. Stiros. 2002. “Shallow tunnel convergence: Predictions and observations.” Eng. Geol. 63 (304): 333–345. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-7952(01)00094-1.
Laver, R. G., Z. Li, and K. Soga. 2017. “Method to evaluate the long-term surface movements by tunneling in London clay.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 143 (3): 06016023. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001611.
Lee, K. M., and R. K. Rowe. 1991. “An analysis of three-dimensional ground movements: The Thunder Bay tunnel.” Can. Geotech. J. 28 (1): 25–41. https://doi.org/10.1139/t91-004.
Lee, K. M., R. K. Rowe, and K. Y. Lo. 1992. “Subsidence owing to tunneling. I. Estimating the gap parameter.” Can. Geotech. J. 29: 929–940. https://doi.org/10.1139/t92-104.
Li, C. L. 2014. “Method for calculating loosening earth pressure during construction of shield tunnels.” Chin. J. Geotech. Eng. 36: 1715–1720.
Li, C. L. 2019. “Simplified algorithm for grouting pressure and grouting amount in shield construction.” Int. J. Civ. Eng. 18: 419–428.
Li, C. L., and L. C. Miao. 2016. “Determination of the range of shield tunneling-induced soil disturbance.” Rock Soil Mech. 37 (3): 759–766.
Li, G. X. 2016. Advanced soil mechanics. Beijing: Tsinghua University Press.
Li, S., P. Li, and M. Zhang. 2021. “Analysis of additional stress for a curved shield tunnel.” Tunnelling Underground Space Technol. 107: 103675. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2020.103675.
Li, S. H., C. Li, and D. Yao. 2020. “Functional relationship of parameters in different theoretical models for ground settlement caused by shield tunneling.” KSCE J. Civ. Eng. 24 (1): 310–321. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-020-1418-y.
Li, X. H., and D. M. Fu. 2006. “Experimental study on excavation behavior using model EPB shield with a diameter of 1.8 m.” Chin. J. Geotech. Eng. 28 (9): 1101–1105.
Litwiniszyn, J. 1957. “Theories and model research of movements of ground masses.” In Proc., European Congress Ground Movement, 203–209. Leeds, UK: Univ. of Leeds.
Liu, C., J. Li, Z. Zhang, P. Li, J. Cui, H. Liu, and Y. Yang. 2020. “Model tests on tail-grouting process during URUP shield tunneling in soft soil.” Tunnelling Underground Space Technol. 103: 103451. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2020.103451.
Liu, W., J. Liang, and T. Xu. 2023. “Tunnelling-induced ground deformation subjected to the behavior of tail grouting materials.” Tunnelling Underground Space Technol. 140: 105253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2023.105253.
Liu, Z., J. Zhang, C. Yang, and C. Xu. 2021. “Piecewise-linear model for one-dimensional consolidation considering non-Darcian flow under continuous drainage boundary.” Int. J. Geomech. 21 (5): 06021011. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0002017.
Loganathan, N., and H. G. Poulos. 1998. “Analytical prediction for tunneling-induced ground movements in clays.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 124: 846–856. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(1998)124:9(846).
Mahmutoğlu, Y. 2011. “Surface subsidence induced by twin subway tunnelling in soft ground conditions in Istanbul.” Bull. Eng. Geol. Environ. 70 (1): 115–131. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-010-0289-8.
Mair, R. J., R. N. Taylor, and A. Bracegirdle. 1993. “Subsurface settlement profiles above tunnels in clays.” Géotechnique 43 (2): 315–320. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1993.43.2.315.
Marshall, A. M., R. Farrell, A. Klar, and R. Mair. 2012. “Tunnels in sands: The effect of size, depth and volume loss on greenfield displacements.” Géotechnique 62 (5): 385–399. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.10.P.047.
Masomi Aghdam, M., and M. Hosseini. 2018. “Investigating the effect of face pressure on ground settlement in tunneling with earth pressure balance (EPB) shield.” J. Eng. Geo. 12 (5): 107–134.
Mathew, G. V., and B. M. Lehane. 2013. “Numerical back-analyses of greenfield settlement during tunnel boring.” Can. Geotech. J. 50 (2): 145–152. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2011-0358.
McCabe, B. A., T. L. L. Orr, C. C. Reilly, and B. G. Curran. 2012. “Settlement trough parameters for tunnels in Irish glacial tills.” Tunnelling Underground Space Technol. 27 (1): 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2011.06.002.
Melis-Maynar, M. J., and L. E. Medina-Rodríguez. 2005. “Discrete numerical model for analysis of earth pressure balance tunnel excavation.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 131 (10): 1234–1242. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2005)131:10(1234).
Meng, F., C. W. Li, S. Z. Jia, D. D. Guo, and H. N. Zhi. 2014. “Ground movement analysis based on Stochastic Medium Theory.” Sci. World J. 4: 702561.
Mesbah, A., Z. Belabed, K. Amara, A. Tounsi, A. Bousahla, and F. Bourada. 2023. “Formulation and evaluation a finite element model for free vibration and buckling behaviours of functionally graded porous (FGP) beams.” Struct. Eng. Mech. 86 (3): 291–309.
Mindlin, R. D. 1936. “Force at a point in the interior of a semi-infinite solid.” Physics 7 (5): 195–202. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1745385.
Mohamad, H., P. J. Bennett, K. Soga, R. J. Mair, and K. Bowers. 2010. “Behaviour of an old masonry tunnel due to tunnelling-induced ground settlement.” Géotechnique 60 (12): 927–938. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.8.P.074.
Ng, C. W. W., G. B. Liu, and Q. Li. 2013. “Investigation of the long-term tunnel settlement mechanisms of the first metro line in Shanghai.” Can. Geotech. J. 50 (6): 674–684. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2012-0298.
Oh, J.-Y., and M. Ziegler. 2014. “Investigation on influence of tail void grouting on the surface settlements during shield tunneling using a stress‒pore pressure coupled analysis.” KSCE J. Civ. Eng. 18 (3): 803–881. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-014-1383-8.
O’Reilly, M. P., and B. M. New. 1982. “Settlements above tunnels in the United Kingdom their magnitude and prediction.” In Proc., 3rd Int. Symp. (Tunnelling'82), edited by M. J. Jones, 173–181. London, UK: Institution of Mining and Metallurgy.
Peck, R. B. 1969. “Deep excavations and tunnelling in soft ground.” In Vol. 3 of Proc., 7th Int. Conf. Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, 225–290. Mexico City: Mexican Mechanical Society.
Pelizza, S., D. Peila, R. Sorge, and F. Cigritti. 2012. “Backfill grout with two component mix in EPB tunneling to minimize settlements: Rome metro-line C case history.” In Proc., 20th Int. Symp. on Geotechnical Aspects of Underground Construction in Soft Ground, edited by G. Viggiani, 291–299. London, UK: Taylor & Francis Group.
Puzrin, A. M., J. B. Burland, and J. R. Standing. 2012. “Simple approach to predicting ground displacements caused by tunnelling in undrained anisotropic elastic soil.” Géotechnique 62 (4): 341–352. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.10.P.127.
Qin, Y., J. Lai, G. Gao, T. Yang, W. Zan, Z. Feng, and T. Liu. 2022. “Failure analysis and countermeasures of a tunnel constructed in loose granular stratum by shallow tunnelling method.” Eng. Fail. Anal. 141: 106667. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2022.106667.
Qu, F., L. Wu, and W. Sun. 2009. “Analysis of chamber pressure for earth pressure balance shield machine by discrete numerical model.” In Proc., Int. Conf. on Intelligent Robotics and Applications, 402–411. Berlin, Germany: Springer.
Sagaseta, C. 1987. “Analysis of undrained soil deformation due to ground loss.” Géotechnique 37: 301–320. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1987.37.3.301.
Schiffman, R. L., and J. R. Stein. 1970. “One-dimensional consolidation of layered systems.” J. Soil Mech. Found. Div. 96 (4): 1499–1504. https://doi.org/10.1061/JSFEAQ.0001453.
Scott, R. F. 1963. Principles of soil mechanics. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
Shah, R., A. Lavasan, D. Peila, C. Todaro, A. Luciani, and T. Schanz. 2018. “Numerical study on backfilling the tail void using a two-component grout.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 30 (3): 04018003. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002175.
Shahrour, I., and W. Zhang. 2021. “Use of soft computing techniques for tunneling optimization of tunnel boring machines.” Underground Space 6 (3): 233–239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.undsp.2019.12.001.
Sherif, M. A., Y. S. Fang, and R. I. Sherif. 1984. “KA and K0 Behind Rotating and Non-Yielding Walls.” J. Geotech. Eng. 10 (1): 41–56. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1984)110:1(41).
Skempton, A. W. 1954. “The pore-pressure coefficients A and B.” Géotechnique 4: 143–147. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1954.4.4.143.
Sohaei, H., M. Hajihassani, E. Namazi, and A. Marto. 2020. “Experimental study of surface failure induced by tunnel construction in sand.” Eng. Fail. Anal. 118: 104897. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2020.104897.
Song, Z. P., X. X. Tian, and Y. W. Zhang. 2019. “A new modified Peck Formula for predicting the surface settlement based on stochastic medium theory.” Adv. Civ. Eng. 2019: 7328190.
Soubra, A.-H., R. Kastner, and A. Benmansour. 1999. “Passive earth pressures in the presence of hydraulic gradients.” Géotechnique 49 (3): 319–330. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1999.49.3.319.
Tan, T.-S., and R. F. Scott. 1988. “Finite strain consolidation—A study of convection.” Soils Found. 28 (3): 64–74. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf1972.28.3_64.
Tan, Z. S., K. R. Hong, J. L. Wan, and M. S. Wang. 2006. “Study on composite shield and construction technique in complex uneven strata.” Chin. J. Rock Mech. Eng. 25: 3945–3952.
Terzaghi, K. 1936. “Stress distribution in dry and in saturated sand above a yielding trap-door.” In Vol. 1 of Proc., 1st Int. Conf. on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, 307–311. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Thewes, M., and C. Budach. 2009. “Grouting of the annular gap in shield tunneling—An important factor for minimisation of settlements and production performance.” In Proc., 35th ITA-AITES World Tunnel Congress, Hungarian Tunnelling Association, 1–9. Budapest: World Tunnel Congress.
Van Vinh, P., N. Van Chinh, and A. Tounsi. 2022. “Static bending and buckling analysis of bi-directional functionally graded porous plates using an improved first-order shear deformation theory and FEM.” Eur. J. Mech. A. Solids 96: 104743. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euromechsol.2022.104743.
Vu, M. N., W. Broere, and J. Bosch. 2015. “Effects of cover depth on ground movements induced by shallow tunnelling.” Tunnelling Underground Space Technol. 50: 499–506. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2015.09.006.
Wang, F. Z., and X. Su. 2021. “Research on the influence of shield tunnel grouting parameters on surface subsidence.” Concrete 11: 10–20.
Wang, H. X., and D. M. Fu. 2007. “Research on balance control theory and experiment of earth pressure balance shield.” China Civ. Eng. J. 40 (5): 61–68.
Wei, R., C. Jia, L. Liu, and N. Wu. 2022. “Analysis of the characteristics of pore pressure coefficient for two different hydrate-bearing sediments under triaxial shear.” J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 10 (4): 509. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10040509.
Wen, Z., Z. Wang, X. Rong, X. Rong, Z. Xiong, and B. Yang. 2021. “Prediction of the amount of soil discharged by an earth pressure balanced Shield Machine based on feature engineering.” KSCE J. Civ. Eng. 25 (12): 4868–4886. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-021-0378-1.
Xia, L., R. Wang, G. Chen, K. Asemi, and A. Tounsi. 2023. “The finite element method for dynamics of FG porous truncated conical panels reinforced with graphene platelets based on the 3-D elasticity.” Adv. Nano Res. 14 (4): 375–389.
Xu, T., A. Bezuijen, and M. Thewes. 2022. “Pressure infiltration characteristics of foam for EPB shield tunnelling in saturated sand—Part 1: Clean foam.” Géotechnique 72 (4): 283–294. https://doi.org/10.1680/jgeot.19.P.187.
Yang, C., Y. Chen, Z. Guo, W. Zhu, and R. Wang. 2021. “Surface settlement control in the excavation of a shallow intersection between a double-arched tunnel and a connection tunnel.” Int. J. Geomech. 21 (4): 04021035. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.000198.
Yang, H., H. Shi, G. Gong, and G. Hu. 2009. “Earth pressure balance control for EPB shield.” Sci. China Ser. E: Technol. Sci. 52: 2840–2848. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11431-009-0245-7.
Yang, J., and B. Liu. 1998. “Ground surface movement and deformation due to tunnel construction by squeezing shield.” Rock Soil Mech. 19 (3): 10–13.
Zhang, P., Y. Pan, Z. Yu, X. Guan, G. Wang, J. An, and H. Lei. 2020a. “Ground subsidence characteristics caused by construction of shallow-buried tunnel in a sandy soil composite formation.” Arabian J. Geosci. 13 (18): 901. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-020-05880-z.
Zhang, P., Z.-Y. Yin, and R.-P. Chen. 2020b. “Analytical and semi-analytical solutions for describing tunneling-induced transverse and longitudinal settlement troughs.” Int. J. Geomech. 20 (8): 04020126. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0001748.
Zhang, P. Y., B. Bai, S. Jang, and S. Jia. 2016. “The study of expansion of spherical cavity and excess pore water pressure about the spherical (cylindrical) cavity in saturated clay.” J. Basic Sci. Eng. 24: 115–125.
Zhang, W. G., H. R. Li, C. Z. Wu, Y. Q. Li, Z. Q. Liu, and H. L. Liu. 2021. “Soft computing approach for prediction of surface settlement induced by earth pressure balance shield tunneling.” Underground Space 6: 353–363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.undsp.2019.12.003.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
International Journal of Geomechanics
Volume 24 • Issue 6 • June 2024
Copyright
© 2024 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Mar 20, 2023
Accepted: Dec 19, 2023
Published online: Apr 8, 2024
Published in print: Jun 1, 2024
Discussion open until: Sep 8, 2024
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.