Experimental Study on the Failure Process of Fault Rock Bursts in Tunnels Based on a 3D-Printed Large-Scale Physical Model
Publication: International Journal of Geomechanics
Volume 23, Issue 9
Abstract
To investigate the failure process of fault rock burst in tunnels, a large-scale physical model test is conducted. Using the 3D printing technology of the wet-material extrusion deposition molding process, a 2 m × 2 m × 1.5 m model with a rigid closed fault is successfully printed. The mechanical similarities between the printed model and natural rock are quantitatively evaluated based on similarity theory. Based on the printed model, gradual excavation and multistage loading tests under true-triaxial stress conditions are conducted, and the failure process of the Jinping 11.28 rock burst is simulated. The test process is monitored with distributed fiber optical sensing, acoustic emission (AE), and video observation systems. During the excavation process, the surrounding rockmass is stable. The compressive strain concentration of the optical fibers near the fault is obvious. The AE events are mainly distributed along the fault and nucleated near the tunnel face. During the multistage loading process, the left sidewall primarily exhibits surface cracking accompanied by local spalling and slight rock burst, while several local intense rock bursts occur on the right sidewall, indicating the controlling effects of the fault on the failure modes. In the critical period of the intense rock bursts, the monitored stain of the optical fibers penetrating the fault changes from compressive to tensile suddenly, which can be related to the slip and dislocation of the fault. In addition, the AE events increase sharply and concentrate in the footwall of the fault. Failure mechanism analysis of AE events indicates that tensile failure is dominant during the excavation process, and shear failure increases significantly in the following multistage loading process. The research results can provide an important reference for better understanding of the fault rock bursts.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The authors gratefully acknowledge the receipt of financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51839003) and the Liao Ning Revitalization Talents Program (Grant No. XLYCYSZX1902).
References
Cai, M. 2008. “Influence of intermediate principal stress on rock fracturing and strength near excavation boundaries—Insight from numerical modeling.” Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. 45 (5): 763–772. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2007.07.026.
Cheon, D.-S., S. Jeon, C. Park, W.-K. Song, and E.-S. Park. 2011. “Characterization of brittle failure using physical model experiments under polyaxial stress conditions.” Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. 48 (1): 152–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2010.10.001.
Feng, X.-T., Y.-H. Gong, Y.-Y. Zhou, Z.-W. Li, and X.-F. Liu. 2019. “The 3D-printing technology of geological models using rock-like materials.” Rock Mech. Rock Eng. 52 (7): 2261–2277. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-018-1703-y.
Feng, X.-T., S.-F. Pei, Q. Jiang, Y.-Y. Zhou, S.-J. Li, and Z.-B. Yao. 2017. “Deep fracturing of the hard rock surrounding a large underground cavern subjected to high geostress: In situ observation and mechanism analysis.” Rock Mech. Rock Eng. 50 (8): 2155–2175. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-017-1220-4.
Feng, X.-T., C.-X. Yang, R. Kong, J. Zhao, Y. Zhou, Z. Yao, and L. Hu. 2022. “Excavation-induced deep hard rock fracturing: Methodology and applications.” J. Rock Mech. Geotech. Eng. 14 (1): 1–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrmge.2021.12.003.
Ghabraie, B., G. Ren, J. Smith, and L. Holden. 2015. “Application of 3D laser scanner, optical transducers and digital image processing techniques in physical modelling of mining-related strata movement.” Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. 80: 219–230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2015.09.025.
He, M., F. Ren, D. Liu, and S. Zhang. 2021. “Experimental study on strain burst characteristics of sandstone under true triaxial loading and double faces unloading in one direction.” Rock Mech. Rock Eng. 54: 149–171. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-020-02272-3.
Hu, L., X.-T. Feng, Y.-X. Xiao, R. Wang, G.-L. Feng, Z.-B. Yao, W.-J. Niu, and W. Zhang. 2020. “Effects of structural planes on rockburst position with respect to tunnel cross-sections: A case study involving a railway tunnel in China.” Bull. Eng. Geol. Environ. 79: 1061–1081. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-019-01593-0.
Hu, X., G. Su, G. Chen, S. Mei, X. Feng, G. Mei, and X. Huang. 2019. “Experiment on rockburst process of borehole and its acoustic emission characteristics.” Rock Mech. Rock Eng. 52: 783–802. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-018-1613-z.
Huang, F., H. H. Zhu, Q. W. Xu, Y. C. Cai, and X. Y. Zhuang. 2013. “The effect of weak interlayer on the failure pattern of rock mass around tunnel—Scaled model tests and numerical analysis.” Tunnelling Underground Space Technol. 35: 207–218. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2012.06.014.
Jiang, J., X.-T. Feng, C. Yang, and G. Su. 2021. “Failure characteristics of surrounding rocks along the radial direction of underground excavations: An experimental study.” Eng. Geol. 281: 105984. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2020.105984.
Jiang, L., P. Kong, P. Zhang, J. Shu, Q. Wang, L. Chen, and Q. Wu. 2020. “Dynamic analysis of the rock burst potential of a longwall panel intersecting with a fault.” Rock Mech. Rock Eng. 53 (4): 1737–1754. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-019-02004-2.
Ju, Y., L. Wang, H. Xie, G. Ma, Z. Zheng, and L. Mao. 2017. “Visualization and transparentization of the structure and stress field of aggregated geomaterials through 3D printing and photoelastic techniques.” Rock Mech. Rock Eng. 50 (6): 1383–1407. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-017-1171-9.
Kaiser, P. K., and M. Cai. 2012. “Design of rock support system under rockburst condition.” J. Rock Mech. Geotech. Eng. 4 (3): 215–227. https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1235.2012.00215.
Kong, R., E. Tuncay, R. Ulusay, X. Zhang, and X.-T. Feng. 2021. “An experimental investigation on stress-induced cracking mechanisms of a volcanic rock.” Eng. Geol. 280 (4): 105934. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2020.105934.
Li, Y., G. Su, J. Pang, C. Liu, Q. Zhang, and X. Yang. 2021. “Mechanism of structural–slip rockbursts in civil tunnels: An experimental investigation.” Rock Mech. Rock Eng. 54 (1): 2763–2790. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-021-02429-8.
Lu, C.-P., B. Liu, B. Liu, Y. Liu, H.-Y. Wang, and H. Zhang. 2019. “Anatomy of mining-induced fault slip and a triggered rockburst.” Bull. Eng. Geol. Environ. 78: 5147–5160. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-019-01464-8.
Manouchehrian, A., and M. Cai. 2018. “Numerical modeling of rockburst near fault zones in deep tunnels.” Tunnelling Underground Space Technol. 80: 164–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2018.06.015.
Mei, S., X.-T. Feng, Z. Li, C. Yang, and J. Gao. 2022. “A novel 3D printing technology for synthetic hard rock and the fabrication of Jinping marble.” Rock Mech. Rock Eng. 55: 7695–7714. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-022-03054-9.
Meng, F., H. Zhou, Z. Wang, L. Zhang, L. Kong, S. Li, C. Zhang, and S. Hu. 2017. “Experimental study of factors affecting fault slip rockbursts in deeply buried hard rock tunnels.” Bull. Eng. Geol. Environ. 76: 1167–1182. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-016-0926-y.
Niu, W., X.-T. Feng, Z. Yao, X. Bi, C. Yang, L. Hu, and W. Zhang. 2022. “Types and occurrence time of rockbursts in tunnel affected by geological conditions and drilling & blasting procedures.” Eng. Geol. 303: 106671. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2022.106671.
Ortlepp, W. D., and T. R. Stacey. 1994. “Rockburst mechanisms in tunnels and shafts.” Tunnelling Underground Space Technol. 9 (1): 59–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/0886-7798(94)90010-8.
Song, Y. M., S. P. Ma, X. B. Yang, and Y. D. Jiang. 2011. “Experimental investigation on instability transient process of fault rockburst.” [In Chinese.] Chin. J. Rock Mech. Eng. 4 (30): 812–817.
Vogler, D., S. D. C. Walsh, E. Dombrovski, and M. A. Perras. 2017. “A comparison of tensile failure in 3D-printed and natural sandstone.” Eng. Geol. 226: 221–235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2017.06.011.
Wang, M., Q. Liu, X. Wang, F. Shen, and J. Jin. 2020. “Prediction of rockburst based on multidimensional connection cloud model and set pair analysis.” Int. J. Geomech. 20 (1): 04019147. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0001546.
Williams, T. J., C. J. Wideman, and D. F. Scott. 1992. “Case history of a slip-type rockburst.” Pure Appl. Geophys. 139 (3): 627–637. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00879955.
Yu, Y., X.-T. Feng, C.-j. Xu, B.-r. Chen, Y.-X. Xiao, and G.-L. Feng. 2020. “Spatial fractal structure of microseismic events for different types of rockburst in deeply buried tunnels.” Int. J. Geomech. 20 (4): 04020025. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0001631.
Zhang, C., X.-T. Feng, H. Zhou, S. Qiu, and W. Wu. 2012. “Case histories of four extremely intense rockbursts in deep tunnels.” Rock Mech. Rock Eng. 45: 275–288. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-011-0218-6.
Zhang, C., X.-T. Feng, H. Zhou, S. Qiu, and W. Wu. 2013. “Rockmass damage development following two extremely intense rockbursts in deep tunnels at Jinping II hydropower station, southwestern China.” Bull. Eng. Geol. Environ. 72: 237–247. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-013-0470-y.
Zhang, L., Y. R. Liu, and Q. Yang. 2015. “Evaluation of reinforcement and analysis of stability of a high-arch Dam based on geomechanical model testing.” Rock Mech. Rock Eng. 48 (2): 803–818. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-014-0578-9.
Zhang, Q.-Y., Y. Zhang, K. Duan, C.-C. Liu, Y.-S. Miao, and D. Wu. 2019. “Large-scale geo-mechanical model tests for the stability assessment of deep underground complex under true-triaxial stress.” Tunnelling Underground Space Technol. 83: 577–591. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2018.10.011.
Zhang, W., X.-T. Feng, Z.-B. Yao, L. Hu, Y.-X. Xiao, G.-L. Feng, W.-J. Niu, and Y. Zhang. 2022. “Development and occurrence mechanisms of fault–slip rockburst in a deep tunnel excavated by drilling and blasting: A case study.” Rock Mech. Rock Eng. 55: 5599–5618. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-022-02927-3.
Zhao, J., X.-T. Feng, C. Yang, Y. Zhou, and Y. Zhang. 2021. “Study on time-dependent fracturing behaviour for three different hard rock under high true triaxial stress.” Rock Mech. Rock Eng. 54: 1239–1255. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-020-02327-5.
Zhao, J.-s., Q. Jiang, S.-f. Pei, B.-r. Chen, D.-p. Xu, and L.-b. Song. 2023. “Microseismicity and focal mechanism of blasting-induced block falling of intersecting chamber of large underground cavern under high geostress.” J. Cent. South Univ. 30: 542–554. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11771-023-5259-y.
Zhou, H., F. Z. Meng, C. Zhang, D. Hu, F. Yang, and J. Lu. 2015. “Analysis of rockburst mechanisms induced by structural planes in deep tunnels.” Bull. Eng. Geol. Environ. 74 (4): 1435–1451. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-014-0696-3.
Zhu, G.-Q., X.-T. Feng, P.-Z. Pan, Y.-Y. Zhou, C.-X. Yang, Z.-W. Li, and Y. Taiwakuli. 2022. “Real-time monitoring of the development of brittle fracture in hard rock tunnels based on physical model test.” Tunnelling Underground Space Technol. 119: 104240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2021.104240.
Zhu, J. B., T. Zhou, Z. Y. Liao, L. Sun, X. B. Li, and R. Chen. 2018. “Replication of internal defects and investigation of mechanical and fracture behaviour of rock using 3D printing and 3D numerical methods in combination with X-ray computerized tomography.” Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. 106: 198–212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2018.04.022.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
International Journal of Geomechanics
Volume 23 • Issue 9 • September 2023
Copyright
© 2023 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Oct 14, 2022
Accepted: Mar 26, 2023
Published online: Jun 23, 2023
Published in print: Sep 1, 2023
Discussion open until: Nov 23, 2023
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.