A Prediction Model for the Deformation of an Embedded Cantilever Retaining Wall in Sand
Publication: International Journal of Geomechanics
Volume 23, Issue 3
Abstract
This paper proposes a prediction model based on the mobilizable strength design method with an equilibrium model to predict the deflection of an embedded cantilever retaining wall in sand. The variation in the location of the pivot point within the retaining wall and the sand dilation are considered. Based on the stress–strain relationships obtained by triaxial tests, the designer can determine a specific shear strain and corresponding mobilized earth pressure for the retaining wall to achieve a global equilibrium. Then, the wall deflection, including rotation and flexure, can be derived. The locations of the pivot points obtained by this method are compared with the results predicted by the minimization approach. Finally, the prediction precision is validated via centrifuge tests and numerical model data published in prior investigations.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 52078337) and the Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin, China (No. 20JCQNJC01080). The authors appreciate the financial support.
References
Bica, A. V. D., and C. R. I. Clayton. 1993. “The preliminary design of free embedded cantilever walls in granular soil.” In Retaining structures, edited by C. R. I. Clayton, 731–740. London: Thomas Telford.
Bolton, M. D., and W. Powrie. 1988. “Behaviour of diaphragm walls in clay prior to collapse.” Géotechnique 38 (2): 167–189. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1988.38.2.167.
Bransby, P. L., and G. W. E. Milligan. 1975. “Soil deformations near cantilever sheet pile walls.” Géotechnique 25 (2): 175–195. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1975.25.2.175.
BSI (British Standards Institution). 1994. Code of practice for earth retaining structures. BSI 8002. London: BSI.
CEN (European Committee for Standardization). 1997. Geotechnical design. Eurocode EC7. Brussels, Belgium: CEN.
Conte, E., and A. Troncone. 2018. “Simplified analysis of cantilever diaphragm walls in cohesive soils.” Soils Found. 58 (6): 1446–1457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2018.08.012.
Conte, E., A. Troncone, and M. Vena. 2017. “A method for the design of embedded cantilever retaining walls under static and seismic loading.” Géotechnique 67 (12): 1081–1089. https://doi.org/10.1680/jgeot.16.P.201.
Conti, R., G. M. B. Viggiani, and F. Burali d’Arezzo. 2014. “Some remarks on the seismic behaviour of embedded cantilevered retaining walls.” Géotechnique 64 (1): 40–50. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.13.P.031.
Day, R. A. 1999. “Net pressure analysis of cantilever sheet pile walls.” Géotechnique 49 (2): 231–245. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1999.49.2.231.
Hong, Y., C. H. Koo, C. Zhou, C. W. W. Ng, and L. Z. Wang. 2017. “Small strain path-dependent stiffness of Toyoura sand: Laboratory measurement and numerical implementation.” Int. J. Geomech. 17 (1): 04016036. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0000664.
King, G. J. W. 1995. “Analysis of cantilever sheet-pile walls in cohesionless soil.” J. Geotech. Eng. 121 (9): 629–635. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1995)121:9(629).
Li, A. Z., and B. M. Lehane. 2010. “Embedded cantilever retaining walls in sand.” Géotechnique 60 (11): 813–823. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.8.P.147.
Li, Y. 2014. “Ground movements due to excavation in cohesionless soil: physical and analytical models.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Cambridge.
Li, Y., and M. Bolton. 2014. “Energy conservation validates deformation mechanisms around model cantilever wall excavations in sand.” Géotechnique 64 (6): 419–429. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.13.P.197.
Madabhushi, S. P., and V. S. Chandrasekaran. 2005. “Rotation of cantilever sheet pile walls.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 131 (2): 202–212. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2005)131:2(202).
Osman, A. S., and M. D. Bolton. 2004. “A new design method for retaining walls in clay.” Can. Geotech. J. 41 (3): 451–466. https://doi.org/10.1139/t04-003.
Osman, A. S., and M. D. Bolton. 2006. “Ground movement predictions for braced excavations in undrained clay.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 132 (4): 465–477. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2006)132:4(465).
Padfield, C. J., and R. J. Mair. 1984. Design of retaining walls embedded in stiff clays, Report 104. London: Construction Industry Research and Information Association.
Rotisciani, G. M., and S. Miliziano. 2014. “Guidelines for calibration and use of the Severn-Trent sand model in modeling cantilevered wall-supported excavations.” Int. J. Geomech. 14 (6): 04014029. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0000373.
Terzaghi, K. 1934. “Large retaining wall tests. I. Pressure of dry sand.” Eng. News Rec. 102 (20): 136–140.
Viswanadham, B., S. Madabhushi, K. Babu, and V. Chandrasekaran. 2009. “Modelling the failure of a cantilever sheet pile wall.” Int. J. Geotech. Eng. 3 (2): 215–231. https://doi.org/10.3328/IJGE.2009.03.02.215-231.
Vrecl Kojc, H., and L. Trauner. 2010. “Upper-bound approach for analysis of cantilever retaining walls.” Can. Geotech. J. 47 (9): 999–1010. https://doi.org/10.1139/T10-004.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
International Journal of Geomechanics
Volume 23 • Issue 3 • March 2023
Copyright
© 2023 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jun 2, 2022
Accepted: Oct 24, 2022
Published online: Jan 3, 2023
Published in print: Mar 1, 2023
Discussion open until: Jun 3, 2023
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.