Abstract
Increasingly, decision makers and society at large are focusing on ways of conserving natural resources. This change of perspective will certainly impinge on the construction industry. Several recent studies have developed material composition indicators (MCI) in order to assess the quantities of construction materials required for various building types. One major limitation of the MCIs used thus far is that they ignore locational factors and the associated site-specific boundary conditions such as building statics in seismic zones as well as the form of subsoil, which will dictate the needed level of earthquake resistance and thus the materials used in the design. The aim of the exploratory study presented here is to determine the extent to which site-specific parameters affect the composition of MCIs for certain building types. To this end, the influence of these parameters is estimated for various regions in Afghanistan. The results show significant correlations between the material consumption and site-specific boundary conditions.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
Excel calculations that support the findings of this study presented in the charts are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Acknowledgments
The preliminary study was carried out with basic funding from the Leibniz Institute of Ecological and Regional Development (IOER) in cooperation with the Technische Universität Dresden. The authors would like to particularly thank the Institute of Concrete Structures, headed by Professor Curbach, for its support.
References
ACI (American Concrete Institute). 2007. Building code requirements for structural concrete (ACI 318-08) and commentary. Farmington Hills, MI: ACI.
ASCE. 2003. Minimum design loads for buildings and other structures, 2nd ed. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Baccini, P., and P. H. Brunner. 1991. Metabolism of the anthroposphere: Analysis, evaluation, design. Berlin: Springer.
Baccini, P., and P. H. Brunner. 2012. Metabolism of the anthroposphere: Analysis, evaluation, design. 2nd ed. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Boyd, O. S., C. S. Mueller, and K. S. Rukstales. 2007a. Preliminary earthquake hazard map of Afghanistan. Washington, DC: USGS.
Boyd, O. S., C. S. Mueller, and K. S. Rukstales. 2007b. “Preliminary probabilistic seismic hazard map for Afghanistan: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1137.” Accessed July 31, 2007. https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1137/downloads/pdf/OF07-1137_508.pdf.
Fishman, T., K. Okuoka, K. Sugimoto, H. Tanikawa, N. Heeren, and T. Graedel. 2017. “A look on the bright side of material stocks: Formation of a global material stock database of the built environment using nighttime satellite imagery.” In Proc., ISIE Conf. New Heaven, CT: International Society for Industrial Ecology.
ICBO (International Conference of Building Officials). 1997. 1997 uniform building code, Volume 2, Structural engineering provisions (UBC 1997). Whittier, CA: ICBO.
ICC (International Code Council). 2012. “The international building code.” In As mandated and incorporated by the states and municipalities including Maryland in the Code of Maryland administrative regulations (COMAR). Country Club Hills, IL: ICC.
Krausmann, F., D. Wiedenhofer, C. Lauk, W. Haas, H. Tanikawa, T. Fishman, A. Miatto, H. Schandl, and H. Haberl. 2017. “Global socioeconomic material stocks rise 23-fold over the 20th century and require half of annual resource use.” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 114 (8): 1880–1885. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1613773114.
Moriguchi, Y., and S. Hashimoto. 2016. “Material flow analysis and waste management.” In Taking stock of industrial ecology, edited by R. Clift and A. Druckman. Berlin: Springer.
Nichols, J. M., and S. Rodgers. 2017. “Economic and societal challenges imposed by seismic risk on the built environment.” J. Risk Uncertainty Eng. Syst. Part A: Civ. Eng. 3 (4): 04017022. https://doi.org/10.1061/AJRUA6.0000927.
OCHA ROAP (United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs–Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific). 2007. “Afghanistan: Natural hazard risks.” Accessed July 31, 2020. https://www.preventionweb.net/files/3757_afg.pdf.
Ortlepp, R. 2019. “Effect of sustainable building material substitutes with regard to earthquake safety.” In Proc., 7th Int. Conf. on Euro Asia Civil Engineering Forum (EACEF), 1–8. Stuttgart, Germany: Materials Science and Engineering.
Ortlepp, R., K. Gruhler, and G. Schiller. 2016. “Material stocks in Germany’s non-domestic buildings: A new quantification method.” Build. Res. Inf. 44 (8): 840–862. https://doi.org/10.1080/09613218.2016.1112096.
Ortlepp, R., K. Gruhler, and G. Schiller. 2018. “Materials in Germany’s domestic building stock. Calculation model and uncertainties.” Build. Res. Inf. 46 (2): 164–178. https://doi.org/10.1080/09613218.2016.1264121.
Schiller, G., F. Müller, and R. Ortlepp. 2017. “Mapping the anthropogenic stock in Germany: Metabolic evidence for a circular economy.” Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 123 (2): 93–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2016.08.007.
Tanikawa, H., and S. Hashimoto. 2009. “Urban stock over time: spatial material stock analysis using 4D-GIS.” Build. Res. Inf. 37 (5–6): 483–502. https://doi.org/10.1080/09613210903169394.
University of Surrey. 2015. “Taking stock of industrial ecology.” In Proc., ISIE Conf. 2015. Guildford, UK: Univ. of Surrey.
USGS. 2020. “Earthquake hazards 201—Technical Q&A.” Accessed October 5, 2020. https://www.usgs.gov/natural-hazards/earthquake-hazards/science/earthquake-hazards-201-technical-qa?qt-science_center_objects=0#qt-science_center_objects.
Waseem, M., A. Lateef, I. Ahmad, S. Khan, and W. Ahmed. 2019. “Seismic hazard assessment of Afghanistan.” J. Seismol. 23 (2): 217–242. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10950-018-9802-5.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
ASCE-ASME Journal of Risk and Uncertainty in Engineering Systems, Part A: Civil Engineering
Volume 7 • Issue 3 • September 2021
Copyright
© 2021 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jul 31, 2020
Accepted: Mar 9, 2021
Published online: May 25, 2021
Published in print: Sep 1, 2021
Discussion open until: Oct 25, 2021
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.