Chapter
Jul 8, 2024
Chapter 11

Seismic Stability of Waste Containment Systems

Publication: Geoenvironmental Engineering: Site and Contaminant Characterization, Containment Facilities, Solid Waste Materials, and Contaminated Ground Interventions

Abstract

Seismic stability of waste containment systems may be assessed by a hierarchical set of analyses of increasing complexity. The hierarchical level that is required for the seismic stability assessment of a particular facility depends on the regional seismotectonic environment, seismic performance standard, and desired level of precision. The seismic performance standard is a key factor in determining the adequacy of a waste containment system subject to seismic loading. Prevention of a discharge of contaminants that are harmful to human health, or the environment provides a rational basis for economically and environmentally sound seismic design of waste containment systems. Many engineered waste containment systems have substantial built-in redundancy. Most final cover systems and liner systems provide multiple, redundant levels of protection against leachate migration to groundwater. In regions of low seismicity, and for ductile waste containment systems, seismic stability may be demonstrated by a simple pseudo-static limit equilibrium analysis.

Get full access to this chapter

View all available purchase options and get full access to this chapter.

References

AASHTO (American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials). 2015. Guide specifications for the LRFD bridge design, 2nd ed., with 2012, 2014, and 2015 interim revisions. Washington, DC: AASHTO.
Anderson, D. G., G. R. Martin, I. Lam, and J. N. Wang. 2008. Vol. 1 of Seismic analysis and design of retaining walls, buried structures, slopes, and embankments. NCHRP Rep. 611. Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board.
Andresen, J., and E. Kavazanjian Jr. 2017. “Experimental evaluation of strain concentrations in HDPE geomembranes due to scratches.” In Proc., Sardinia 2017, 16th Int. Waste Management and Landfill Symp. https://eu-refresh.org/sardinia-2017-16th-waste-management-and-landfill-symposium.html.
Arab, M. G., E. Kavazanjian Jr., P. J. Fox, and J. D. Ross. 2011. “Displacement-softening constitutive model for geosynthetic interfaces.” In Proc., 14th Pan American Conf. on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering. Vancouver: Canadian Geotechnical Society.
ASCE. 2005. Minimum design loads for buildings and other structures. ASCE 7-05. Reston, VA: ASCE.
ASCE. 2010. Minimum design loads for buildings and other structures. ASCE 7-10. Reston, VA: ASCE.
ASCE. 2017. Minimum design loads and associated criteria for buildings and other structures. ASCE 7-16. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Augello, A. J., N. Matasovic, J. D. Bray, E. Kavazanjian Jr., et al. 1995. “Evaluation of solid waste landfill performance during the Northridge earthquake.” In Earthquake design and performance of solid waste landfills, Geotechnical Special Publication 54, 17–50. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Bray, J. D. 2007. “Simplified seismic slope displacement procedures.” In Earthquake geotechnical engineering, edited by K. D. Pitilakis, 327–353. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer.
Bray, J. D., and J. Macedo. 2019. “Procedure for estimating shear-induced seismic slope displacement for shallow crustal earthquakes.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 145 (12): 04019106.
Bray, J. D., J. Macedo, and T. Travasarou. 2018. “Simplified procedure for estimating seismic slope displacements for subduction zone earthquakes.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 144 (3): 04017124.
Bray, J. D., and E. M. Rathje. 1998. “Earthquake-induced displacements of solid-waste landfills.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 124 (3): 242–253.
Bray, J. D., and T. Travasarou. 2007. “Simplified procedure for estimating earthquake-induced deviatoric slope displacements.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 133 (4): 381–392.
Choi, Y., and J. P. Stewart. 2005. “Nonlinear site amplification as function of 30 m shear wave velocity.” Earthquake Spectra 21 (1): 1–30.
Gao, W., E. Kavazanjian Jr., and X. Wu. 2021. “Numerical study of strain development in high-density polyethylene geomembrane liner system in landfills using a new constitutive model for municipal solid waste.” Geotext. Geomembr. 50 (2): 216–230.
Ghanat, S., and E. Kavazanjian Jr. 2011. “Site-specific response analysis at non-standard sites.” In Proc., 5th Int. Conf. on Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering. Paper No. SSRGH. London: International Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering.
Harris, K. D., N. D. Robinson, and E. L. Sammarco. 2013. “Seismic time histories.” Structure. Accessed March 5, 2024. https://www.structuremag.org/?p=886.
Hashash, Y. M. A., and D. Park. 2001. “Nonlinear one-dimensional seismic ground motion propagation in the Mississippi embayment.” Eng. Geol. 62 (1–3): 185–206.
Huang, Y. N., A. S. Whittaker, and N. Luco. 2010. “NEHRP site amplification factors and the NGA relationships.” Earthquake Spectra 26 (2): 583–593.
Jibson, R. W., E. M. Rathje, M. W. Jibson, and Y. W. Lee. 2013. “SLAMMER—Seismic landslide movement modeled using earthquake records.” Chap. B1 of US Geological Survey techniques and methods, Book 12. Reston, VA: US Geological Survey.
Kavazanjian, E. Jr. 1998. “Current issues in seismic design of geosynthetic cover systems.” In Vol. 1 of Proc., 6th Int. Conf. on Geosynthetics, 219–226. West Roseville, MN: Industrial Fabrics Association International.
Kavazanjian, E. Jr. 1999. “Seismic design of solid waste containment facilities.” In Proc., 8th Canadian Conf. on Earthquake Engineering, 51–68. Vancouver: Canadian Association for Earthquake Engineering and Seismology.
Kavazanjian, E. Jr., J. Andresen, and A. Gutierrez. 2017. “Experimental evaluation of HDPE geomembrane seam strain concentrations.” Geosynth. Int. 24 (4): 1–10.
Kavazanjian, E. Jr., M. G. Arab, P. J. Fox, and N. Matasovic. 2014. “Performance based seismic design of geosynthetic barriers for waste containment.” In Earthquake geotechnical engineering design, edited by M. Maugeri and C. Soccodato, 363–385. Berlin: Springer.
Kavazanjian, E. Jr., and A. Gutierrez. 2017. “Large scale centrifuge test of a geomembrane-lined landfill subject to waste settlement and seismic loading.” Waste Manage. 68 (October): 252–262.
Kavazanjian, E. Jr., N. Matasovic, and J. Caldwell. 1998. “Damage criteria for solid waste landfills.” In Proc., 6th US National Conf. on Earthquake Engineering. Oakland, CA: Earthquake Engineering Research Institute.
Kavazanjian, E. Jr., J.-N. Wang, G. R. Martin, A. Shamsabadi, et al. 2011. “LRFD seismic analysis and design of transportation geotechnical features and structural foundations.” Geotech. Eng. Circular No. 3, Report No. FHWA-NHI-11-032. Washington, DC: Federal Highway Administration.
Kavazanjian, E. Jr., X. Wu, M. Arab, and N. Matasovic. 2018. “Development of a numerical model for performance-based design of geosynthetic liner systems.” Geotext. Geomembr. 46 (2): 166–182.
Kottke, A., and E. M. Rathje. 2008. “A semi-automated procedure for selecting and scaling recorded earthquake motions for dynamic analysis.” Earthquake Spectra 24 (4): 911–932.
Makdisi, F. I., and H. B. Seed. 1978. “Simplified procedure for estimating dam and embankment earthquake-induced deformations.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 104 (GT7): 849–867.
Matasović, N., and E. Kavazanjian Jr. 1998. “Cyclic characterization of OII landfill solid waste.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 124 (3): 197–210.
Matasovic, N., and E. Kavazanjian Jr. 2006. “Seismic response of a composite landfill cover.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 132 (4): 448–455.
Matasovic, N., E. Kavazanjian Jr., and R. L. Anderson. 1998a. “Performance of solid waste landfills in earthquakes.” Earthquake Spectra 14 (2): 319–334.
Matasovic, N., E. Kavazanjian Jr., and J. P. Giroud. 1998b. “Newmark seismic deformation analysis for geosynthetic covers.” Geosynth. Int. 5 (1-2): 237–264.
Matasovic, N., E. Kavazanjian Jr., and L. Yan. 1997. “Newmark deformation analysis with degrading yield acceleration.” In Vol. 2 of Proc., Geosynthetic ‘97, 989–1000. Albany, NY: North American Geosynthetics Society. https://geosyntheticsconference.com/proceedings-archive/.
Mitchell, T., G. J. Fowmes, R. Wackrow, N. Dixon, et al. 2016. “Assessing the planarity of containment liner systems using a terrestrial laser scanner.” In Proc., 6th European Geosynthetics Congress. Austin, TX: International Geosynthetics Society.
NEHRP (National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program). 2009. NEHRP recommended seismic provisions for new buildings and other structures (FEMA P-750). Washington, DC: Building Seismic Safety Council.
Parker, G. A., J. P. Stewart, Y. M. Hashash, E. M. Rathje, et al. 2019. “Empirical linear seismic site amplification in central and eastern North America.” Earthquake Spectra 35 (2): 849–881.
Peggs, I. D., B. Schmucker, and P. Carey. 2005. “Assessment of maximum allowable strains in polyethylene and polypropylene geomembranes.” In GeoFrontiers 2015: Waste Containment and Remediation, Geotechnical Special Publication 142. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Pehlivan, M., D. Park, S. Sadiq, and Y. M. A. Hashash. 2017. “Seismic site response of shallow sites in moderate seismicity regions.” In Proc., 19th Int. Conf. on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, 1579–1572. London: International Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering.
Rathje, E. M., and G. Antonakos. 2011. “A unified model for predicting earthquake-induced sliding displacements of rigid and flexible slopes.” Eng. Geol 122 (1–2): 51–60.
Rathje, E. M., F. Faraj, S. Russell, and J. D. Bray. 2004. “Empirical relationships for frequency content parameters of earthquake ground motions.” Earthquake Spectra 20 (1): 119–144.
Rix, G. J., R. C. Bachus, C. Conkle, and M. Schultheis. 2018. “Evaluation of the seismic performance of a class I landfill.” In Geotechnical earthquake engineering and soil dynamics V: Slope stability and landslides, laboratory testing, and in situ testing, 56–66. Reston, VA: ASCE.
USGS (US Geological Survey). 2014. “National seismic hazard map, PGA 2% in 50 yrs.” Accessed December 28, 2017. https://earthquake.usgs.gov/hazards/hazmaps/conterminous/.
USGS. 2024. “USGS national seismic hazard mapping program (NSHMP).” Accessed March 5, 2024. https://www.usgs.gov/natural-hazards/earthquake-hazards/design-ground-motions.
Wu, X. 2017. “Validation of a Numerical Model for Design of Geomembranes Subject to Extreme Loads.” Ph.D. diss. Arizona State University, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering.
Zekkos, D., and C. Carlson. 2011. “Scaling vs. modification of ground motions and impact on seismic analyses of a MSW landfill.” In Proc., 5th Int. Conf. on Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering, 1–12. London: International Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering.

Information & Authors

Information

Published In

Go to Geoenvironmental Engineering
Geoenvironmental Engineering: Site and Contaminant Characterization, Containment Facilities, Solid Waste Materials, and Contaminated Ground Interventions
Pages: 259 - 286
Editor: Dimitrios Zekkos, Ph.D., P.E.
ISBN (Online): 978-0-7844-8549-1
ISBN (Print): 978-0-7844-1623-5

History

Published online: Jul 8, 2024

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Authors

Affiliations

Edward Kavazanjian Jr., Ph.D., P. E., D.GE
George Zalachoris, Ph.D.

Metrics & Citations

Metrics

Citations

Download citation

If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.

View Options

Get Access

Access content

Please select your options to get access

Log in/Register Log in via your institution (Shibboleth)
ASCE Members: Please log in to see member pricing

Purchase

Save for later Information on ASCE Library Cards
ASCE Library Cards let you download journal articles, proceedings papers, and available book chapters across the entire ASCE Library platform. ASCE Library Cards remain active for 24 months or until all downloads are used. Note: This content will be debited as one download at time of checkout.

Terms of Use: ASCE Library Cards are for individual, personal use only. Reselling, republishing, or forwarding the materials to libraries or reading rooms is prohibited.
ASCE Library Card (5 downloads)
$105.00
Add to cart
ASCE Library Card (20 downloads)
$280.00
Add to cart
Buy Single Chapter
$35.00
Add to cart
Buy E-book
$140.00
Add to cart

Get Access

Access content

Please select your options to get access

Log in/Register Log in via your institution (Shibboleth)
ASCE Members: Please log in to see member pricing

Purchase

Save for later Information on ASCE Library Cards
ASCE Library Cards let you download journal articles, proceedings papers, and available book chapters across the entire ASCE Library platform. ASCE Library Cards remain active for 24 months or until all downloads are used. Note: This content will be debited as one download at time of checkout.

Terms of Use: ASCE Library Cards are for individual, personal use only. Reselling, republishing, or forwarding the materials to libraries or reading rooms is prohibited.
ASCE Library Card (5 downloads)
$105.00
Add to cart
ASCE Library Card (20 downloads)
$280.00
Add to cart
Buy Single Chapter
$35.00
Add to cart
Buy E-book
$140.00
Add to cart

Media

Figures

Other

Tables

Share

Share

Copy the content Link

Share with email

Email a colleague

Share