Risks and Uncertainties When Retrofitting Existing Low Head Dams with Hydroelectric Turbines

This paper addresses the risks and uncertainties associated with developing small hydropower projects the US informed by real-world case studies. It presents a road map to unlock the enormous untapped potential of integrating hydropower into existing infrastructure. Hydropower offers significant potential benefits, including grid stability and 24×7 low-carbon electricity. According to a study by the Department of Energy, of the roughly 90,000 dams nationwide, only 3% have been retrofitted with hydro turbines. This suggests a tremendous opportunity. However, the hydropower sector growth is very slow due to protracted development timelines, stemming largely from a convoluted permitting process. This intricate process requires securing approvals from federal, state, and local agencies, bringing with it an element of unpredictability. The subsequent prolonged timelines, coupled with at-risk predevelopment costs, deter many potential investors and developers. From a regulatory standpoint, the intricate web of requirements, often with overlapping jurisdictions, presents challenges. Market dynamics further complicates the situation, as supply chain constraints, rising material costs, labor shortages, and competition from other renewable sources undermine hydropower’s growth. To address these challenges, this paper delves into Rye Development’s projects: the Allegheny Lock and Dam #2 and the Emsworth Lock and Dam, located near Pittsburgh on the Allegheny and Ohio Rivers, respectively. Both sites underwent the rigorous FERC licensing process and are now in the design and review stages with the United States Army Corps. Through these case studies, the paper seeks to offer invaluable insights to expedite future small hydropower development endeavors in the US.