Effect of Anisotropic Consolidation on Shakedown Behavior of Granular Sub-Bases
Publication: Geo-Congress 2024
ABSTRACT
In the present study, shakedown approach is used to investigate the effect of stress anisotropy on crushing behavior of granular sub-base. Haversine load was applied on consolidated undrained (CU) granular sub-base specimens (GSB) of 100 mm diameter and 200 mm height prepared at a moisture content of 6%. Cyclic triaxial tests under isotropic compression and consolidation conditions were carried out at three different confining pressures, viz., 50, 100, and 150 kPa. For stress anisotropy, initially the specimens were consolidated isotropically, and to induce stress anisotropy an additional vertical stress was applied on top. Vertical stress to be applied on the top is computed by considering earth pressure coefficient at rest. Both isotropically and anisotropically consolidated specimens were subjected to haversine loading, and the strains were measured. The elastic strain, plastic strain, and plastic strain rates developed in the specimens at the end of 1,000 cycles were compared with respect to shakedown limits prescribed in literature. Plastic strains developed increased at low confining pressures and at high deviator stresses. Analysis revealed that the plastic strains developed in anisotropic consolidation were less than that of isotropic consolidation. It was observed that the additional vertical stress applied on anisotropically consolidated and compressed specimens leads to a denser arrangement of granular materials leading to plastic shakedown.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this chapter.
REFERENCES
Al-Rkaby, A. H. J. 2018. Anisotropic Characterisation of Reinforced Sand. Curtin University, Western Australia, 6102.
Boulbibane, M., A. R. S. Ponter, I. F. Collins, and D. Weichert. 2005. “Shakedown of unbound pavements.” Road Mater. Pavement Des., 6 (1): 81–96. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2005.9690000.
Chen, Q., M. Abu-Farsakh, G. Z. Voyiadjis, and G. Souci. 2013. “Shakedown Analysis of Geogrid-Reinforced Granular Base Material.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 25 (3): 337–346. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)mt.1943-5533.0000601.
Chen, T.-J., and Y.-S. Fang. 2008. “Earth Pressure due to Vibratory Compaction.” J. Geotech. Geoenvironmental Eng., 134 (4): 437–444. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1090-0241(2008)134:4(437).
Collins, I. F., and M. Boulbibane. 1998. “The Application of Shakedown Theory to Pavement Design.” Met. Mater. Int., 4 (4): 832–837. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03026408.
Connolly, D. P., and H. S. Yu. 2021. “A shakedown limit calculation method for geogrid reinforced soils under moving loads.” Geotext. Geomembranes, 49 (3): 688–696. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geotexmem.2020.11.009.
Dawson, A., G. Arnold, S. Werkmeister, D. Hughes, and D. Robinson. 2003. “Using a shakedown approach as a simple means of predicting rutting in unsealed and chip-sealed pavements.” Proc. - Conf. Aust. Road Res. Board, Publ. ARRB Transp. Res. Ltd., 141–153.
Hu, M., C. O’Sullivan, R. R. Jardine, and M. Jiang. 2010. “Stress-induced anisotropy in sand under cyclic loading.” Granul. Matter, 12 (5): 469–476. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10035-010-0206-7.
Hyde, A. F. L., T. Higuchi, and K. Yasuhara. 2007. “Postcyclic Recompression, Stiffness, and Consolidated Cyclic Strength of Silt.” J. Geotech. Geoenvironmental Eng., 133 (4): 416–423. https://doi.org/10.1061/ASCE1090-02412007133:4416.
IRC Special Publication, 20. 2002. Specifications for rural roads. Indian Road Congr. New Delhi, India.
Islam, R., T. Rahman, and R. A. Tarefder. 2012. “Laboratory Investigation of the Stiffness and the Fatigue Life of Glass Grid Reinforced Asphalt Concrete.” Int. J. Pavements, 11 (1): 82–91.
Liu, S., J. Wang, H. S. Yu, and D. Wanatowski. 2016. “Shakedown solutions for pavements with materials following associated and non-associated plastic flow rules.” Comput. Geotech., 78: 218–226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2016.05.005.
Sas, W., A. Głuchowski, B. Bursa, and A. Szymański. 2017. “Energy-based analysis of permanent strain behaviour of cohesive soil under cyclic loading.” Acta Geophys., 65 (2): 331–344. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11600-017-0028-7.
Seyhan, U., and E. Tutumluer. 2002. “Anisotropic Modular Ratios as Unbound Aggregate Performance Indicators.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 14 (5): 409–416. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0899-1561(2002)14:5(409).
Sharp, R. W., and J. R. Booker. 1984. “Shakedown of pavements under moving surface loads.” J. Transp. Eng., 110 (1): 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-947X(1984)110:1(1).
Tao, M., L. N. Mohammad, M. D. Nazzal, Z. Zhang, and Z. Wu. 2010. “Application of shakedown theory in characterizing traditional and recycled pavement base materials.” J. Transp. Eng., 136 (3): 214–222. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-947X(2010)136:3(214).
Tutumluer, E., and U. Seyhan. 1999. “Laboratory determination of anisotropic aggregate resilient moduli using an innovative test device.” Transp. Res. Rec., (1687): 13–21. https://doi.org/10.3141/1687-02.
Wang, J., and H. S. Yu. 2021. “Shakedown analysis and its application in pavement and railway engineering.” Comput. Geotech., 138 (June): 104281. Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2021.104281.
Werkmeister, S., A. R. Dawson, and F. Wellner. 2001. “Permanent deformation behavior of granular materials and the shakedown concept.” Transp. Res. Rec., (1757): 75–81. https://doi.org/10.3141/1757-09.
Werkmeister, S., A. R. Dawson, and F. Wellner. 2004. “Pavement design model for unbound granular materials.” J. Transp. Eng., 130 (5): 665–674. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-947X(2004)130:5(665).
Werkmeister, S., F. Wellner, and A. R. Dawson. 2005. “Permanent deformation behaviour of granular materials.” Road Mater. Pavement Des., 6 (1): 31–51. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2005.9689998.
Yang, H., S. K. Sinha, Y. Feng, D. B. McCallen, and B. Jeremić. 2018. “Energy dissipation analysis of elastic–plastic materials.” Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng., 331: 309–326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cma.2017.11.009.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Geo-Congress 2024
Pages: 239 - 247
History
Published online: Feb 22, 2024
ASCE Technical Topics:
- Anisotropy
- Base course
- Continuum mechanics
- Deformation (mechanics)
- Engineering materials (by type)
- Engineering mechanics
- Granular materials
- Infrastructure
- Isotropy
- Material mechanics
- Material properties
- Materials engineering
- Pavements
- Plastics
- Solid mechanics
- Static loads
- Statics (mechanics)
- Strain
- Structural mechanics
- Synthetic materials
- Transportation engineering
- Vertical loads
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.