Influence of Bidirectional Horizontal Shaking on Seismic Response of Structure on Liquefiable Soils
Publication: Geo-Congress 2024
ABSTRACT
In practice, a unidirectional horizontal ground motion is often selected as input during the design of geotechnical systems. This recording is obtained either as the component with the greatest intensity [e.g., in terms of a primary intensity measure, IM, like peak ground acceleration (PGA)] or as the maximum rotated component (RotD100, again in terms of an IM like PGA). Although seismic ground deformations are generally assumed to be governed by the direction of maximum shaking intensity under unidirectional shaking (1D), prior experimental research has shown that bidirectional horizontal shaking (BD) can increase seismic settlements in dry sand or the buildup of excess pore water pressures in saturated granular soils. In this paper, we explore the influence and relative importance of bidirectional horizontal shaking numerically (as compared to maximum rotated 1D shaking) on the seismic response of shallow-founded structures on liquefiable soils. A suite of 3D, fully coupled, nonlinear finite-element analyses, previously validated with centrifuge recordings, are employed to evaluate soil-structure interaction (SSI) and its performance under bidirectional seismic loading. In general, bidirectional shaking is shown to amplify the foundation’s permanent settlement and permanent rotation by up to 10%−50% and 5.2−6.8 times greater than that under unidirectional shaking, respectively, due to its greater net seismic energy content compared to the models subject to unidirectional shaking. The limited numerical sensitivity study showed that evolutionary IMs correlated better with permanent foundation settlements, while the peak transient IMs could provide a better correlation with residual foundation rotations. Although much experimental and numerical research is needed in this area, the limited results presented here point to the importance of considering bidirectional shaking (as opposed to unidirectional maximum rotated component) when evaluating the key engineering demand parameters that quantify building performance on liquefiable soils.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this chapter.
REFERENCES
Cerna-Diaz, A., Olson, S. M., Hashash, Y. M., Numanoglu, O. A., Rutherford, C. J., Bhaumik, L., and Weaver, T. 2020. Response of Sands to Multidirectional Dynamic Loading in Centrifuge Tests. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 146(10), p.04020109.
Elgamal, A., Yang, Z., andParra, E. 2002. “Computational modeling of cyclic mobility and post-liquefaction site response.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng. 22 (4): 259–271. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0267-7261(02)00022-2.
El Shafee, O., Abdoun, T., and Zeghal, M. 2017. Centrifuge modelling and analysis of site liquefaction subjected to biaxial dynamic excitations. Géotechnique, 67(3), pp.260–271.
El-Shafee, O., Abdoun, T., and Zeghal, M. 2018. Physical modeling and analysis of site liquefaction subjected to biaxial dynamic excitations. Innovative Infrastructure Solutions, 3(1), pp.1–15.
Hwang, Y. W., Ramirez, J., Dashti, S., Kirkwood, P., Liel, A.B., Camata, G., and Petracca, M. (2021). “Seismic Interaction of Adjacent Structures on Liquefiable Soils: Insight from Centrifuge and Numerical Modeling.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 147(8), 04021063.
Ishihara, K., and Yamazaki, F. 1980. Cyclic simple shear tests on saturated sand in multi-directional loading. Soils and Foundations, 20(1), pp.45–59.
Karimi, Z., and Dashti, S. 2016a. “Numerical and centrifuge modeling of seismic soil-foundation-structure interaction on liquefiable ground.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 142 (1): 04015061. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001346.
Karimi, Z., and Dashti, S. 2016b. “Seismic performance of shallow founded structures on liquefiable ground: Validation of numerical simulations using centrifuge experiments.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 142 (6):04016011. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001479.
Lysmer, J., and Kuhlemeyer, A. 1969. “Finite dynamic model for infinite media.” J. Eng. Mech. Div. 95 (4): 859–877. https://doi.org/10.1061/JMCEA3.0001144.
Little, M., and Rathje, E. 2021. Key Trends Regarding the Effects of Site Geometry on Lateral Spreading Displacements. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 147(12), p.04021142.
Olarte, J., Paramasivam, B., Dashti, S., Liel, A., and Zannin, J. 2017. “Centrifuge modeling of mitigation-soil-foundation-structure interaction on liquefiable ground.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng. 97: 304–323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2017.03.014.
Reyes, A., Adinata, J., and Taiebat, M. 2019. Impact of bidirectional seismic shearing on the volumetric response of sand deposits. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 125, p.105665.
Pyke, R. M., Chan, C. K., and Seed, H. B. 1975. Settlement of sands under multidirectional shaking. Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division, 101(4), pp.379–398.
Martin, G. R., Seed, H. B., and Finn, W. L. 1975. Fundamentals of liquefaction under cyclic loading. Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division, 101(5), pp.423–438.
Mazzoni, S., McKenna, F., Scott, M., and Fenves, G. 2006. Open system for earthquake engineering simulation user command-language. Berkeley, CA: Network for Earthquake Engineering Simulations.
Seed, H. B., Martin, G. R., and Pyke, R. M. 1978. Effect of multidirectional shaking on pore pressure development in sands. Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division, 104(1), pp.27–44.
Su, D., and Li, X. S. 2008. Impact of multidirectional shaking on liquefaction potential of level sand deposits. Geotechnique, 58(4), pp.259–267.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
History
Published online: Feb 22, 2024
ASCE Technical Topics:
- Continuum mechanics
- Deformation (mechanics)
- Dynamics (solid mechanics)
- Earthquake engineering
- Engineering fundamentals
- Engineering mechanics
- Foundation settlement
- Foundations
- Geomechanics
- Geotechnical engineering
- Motion (dynamics)
- Rotation
- Seismic effects
- Seismic tests
- Soil deformation
- Soil dynamics
- Soil liquefaction
- Soil mechanics
- Soil properties
- Soil settlement
- Soil structures
- Solid mechanics
- Structural engineering
- Structural mechanics
- Structures (by type)
- Tests (by type)
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.